193

An extenfive clafs of Attributes refults from the junction of adjectives (participles included) and nouns, or adjectives with adjectives; as another also does from two nouns repeated or conjoined, thus:

goolab-chufbm, meek-eyed, &c.

mahee-poosht, convex ;

fug-fifut, currifh;

bun-manoos, favage;

·murd-mizaj, manly;

pŏŏmbu-duhun, mealy mouthed.

Nouns of reciprocation, &c. are formed in this manner, which has already been

partly illustrated in pages 129, 130. q. v.

a kind of alliteration that feems quite congenial with a Hindooftanee ear, there being few motions or accidents connected with found, hurry, &c. which are not accurately discriminated by a large class of imitative verbs for this purpose that may properly be styled reiterative; whence jbun jhun, jingle; thun thun, clink; bhin bbin, buzzing; fun fun, fimmering; phoos phoos, whispering; khul khul, undulation; kilbil, a peristaltic motion; dhuk dhuk, palpitation: Befides these we often meet with the colloquial repetitions which prove at first so disgusting to ftrangers, viz. rotec-otee, ch,hooree-ooree, choukee-oukee, bafun-wafun,

rufee-wufee, whofe reiterated fyllables are not always, in my opinion, wholly ufelefs; on the contrary, they may occafionally poffefs a very comprehensive meaning; fuch as bread, or any thing of the kind to eat; a knife, or any cutting inftrument, wanted in a hurry to cut with; a chair, stool, bench, feat, a plate, difh, veffel, bafon, &c. and rufee-wufee, probably means a rope, cord, ftring, or in fhort any thing to tie with: To the foregoing may be added, lurke-purke, lurke-bale, kuch-buch, the young ones, brats, &c. with many more, which cannot be enumerated in this work..

w

Perfonal and other nouns, over and above thofe already inferted, are likewise expreffed by the prefent and perfect participles; as the following all spring from the infinitives, bukna, to fpeak, dhurna, to place, &c.

chuheeta, darling ; -
k,hoolta, open, &c.
janta, knowledge,
fook,ha, a drought;
pooja, worship;

AND.

ghera, a circle._

Rona, weeping, tearful; fona, fleepy; mootna, a piffer; nuchna, a dancer ; fee pages 136, 138: or its contracted form (p), fik h, a scholar; jan, a conjurer; especially in compofition; buř bol, a boaster; dil-chul, brave; unkhmoond, inexperienced; though the latter be ofther the verb's correlative noun, as ftated in page 136; and to this form by adding ea, we have, bolee, fpeech;: muree, mortality; pheree, a circuit; khojee, a fearcher; joree, a pair.

For words numerically compounded, confult Chap. iv. Sect. ii. obferving that feveral names of places, &c. are thus formed, viz. chibil-fitoon, bara duree,

( o ) These may fometimes be used as abstracts, fince we occafionally hear, mere jante meй, in my opinion; but it is not elegant; though to this day the. old prefet is in ufe in that way-whence lugut, expence; bufut, refidence; bur but, increase; which in the Rekhtu are fuperfeded by burhtee &c. (noticed. in the inflective class) or by bath, ghať, inserted in the note below.

(P) In many inftances flightly changed, thus barb, increase; ghat, decrease; from burhna, g,hutna.

puch

puch-muhla, tirpoulee,a, tirfoolee, chihil-pae, char-pae, which are fo obvious that the least attention will make the learner mafter of this mode of compofition. The following proper names (with many more that cannot be enumerated here) are much used among the Moofulmans :

Bubadoor Ulee, The warrior of | Gholam Mŏŏhummud, The fave Moyn ood deen, Defender of the

Ulee;
Khoda bukhh, The gift of God;
Ubdoollah, The flave of God;

of Mŏŏhummud;
Kulb Hufun; The dog of Hufun;
Uzeez oollah, Dear to God;

Faith;

Ufud Ulee, The lion of Ulee;
Sher Mŏŏhummud, The tiger of
Mŏŏhummud :.

And as few names in this country are not derivatives compounded, the Hin-doos alfo have their Krifhoon-dy,al, Gunesh-das, Ram-fingḥ, &c. though it must be admitted, that the Natives of every defcription are apt to give their children, on particular occafions, the most humiliating appellations, from a fuperftitious notion, that this will appeafe, or propitiate an offended deity: Whence-Koorkoot, fweepings; Phenkoo, outcaft; Koela, charcoal; Kookur, dog; Kale, blackey; Chhekoulee, fix cowries; Chirkit, dregs. Some names have their origin in the time or place of the perfon's birth; thus, Mungulee, Bood hoo, Etwaree, Ramzanee, Jungulee, Lufhkuree, Mydanee; while others are in fact a kind of titular compellation affumed by or conferred on individuals or particular claffes of men ;fach are: .

Nor must we omit here, those conciliatory appellations that are fo commonly

used in Hindooftan for people in humble ftations, fince it clearly fhows, te what lengths the natives carry their flattery and politenefs to each other:

The names of places may in general be traced by attentively confidering what I have already faid in page 183 on this fubject; and the learner will recollect, that befides their founders, the Indians alfo use the names of the different divinities, prophets, faints, &c. compounded with abad, poor, nugur, &c. formerly enumerated (and fometimes with gap, whence Chut-gaon, Buïagaon, Kuhlgaon, more familiarly Chittigong, Buragong, and Golgong): When any occur without one or other of these particles, they may in general be confidered as primitives, or compounds involved in impenetrable obfcurity, to those who are not well va fed in the Sunfkrit language.

It would prove wholly fuperfluous now to illuftrate the contents of this Chapter by quotations for that purpose, while I have herein given fo many examples already; fome of which, will be confirmed in almost every line of those authors who have been quoted in the course of our work; a resource that from experience I can recommend as the best calculated for confirming the scholar's progrefs; which if flow, will be fure, as he will foon pride himself, on tracing inftances of the various derivatives used in the Hindoostanee, without the help of a teacher; and these being partly a discovery of his own, they must make a more lafting impreffion.

THE

CHAPTER VIII.

OF THE SYNTAX.

N the Hindooftanee, the adjective precedes the noun; the fubject and

IN

object, the verb; and the genetive, its own governing noun; the construction however differs very little from the general mode of other Languages: In poetical compofition, this appears to refemble the Latin; but is on the whole fo very pliable, that the learner can hardly mifplace the words of a sentence, so far, as to render it unintelligible to the natives. Before we proceed to the Rules of Syntax, which are nevertheless ufeful, I fhall here premise them with a fpecimen, and literal tranflate of this Language; diftinguishing both, by correfponding figures, to convey at once, a clear expofition of the Hindoostanee arrangement, and its idiomatical peculiarities, to fuch readers, as already have a due knowledge of the foregoing sheets, and are sufficiently verfed in English grammar. As the conftituent parts of every Language are the fame, and the mutual.relation of nouns, verbs, and particles, depends on their inflexion and position; the rules of combination must in great measure be common to all; however much, the Poets may vary the difpofition of the words, in any language, agreeably to the scope or measure of their poems. The neceffity of selecting examples from poetical works only, having been fully explained in the preface, will I truft induce the candid scholar to make proper allowance here for this circumftance, while he perufes the following quotations. from Mikeen, efpecially as this author in his writings, comes nearer to profe 3 D than