Epirus, obtained the name of Orestis, there are no means of explaining. Possibly this people disputed with the Orestæ of upper Macedonia as to their connexion with the mythus of Orestes, though the name, Amantia, is by no means favourable to such a claim, having been derived from the Abantes of Euboea, by whom Amantia was colonized.

ACARNANIA, ASTACUS, by the EDITOR.

The latter article asserts that "There was no town Crithote, but only a promontory of that name,” and that "Leake has misunderstood the passage of Strabo in which Crithote is mentioned." This opinion is supported by that of a German writer, who says that the word Tolixvn in Strabo refers to Crithote in the Thracian Chersonese. The words of Strabo (p. 459) are Εἶτα ἄκρα Κριθωτὴ καὶ αἱ Εχινάδες, καὶ πόλις Αστακὸς, ὁμώνυμος τῇ περὶ Νικομήδειαν καὶ τὸν ̓Αστακηνὸν κόλπον, ἑνικῶς λεγομένη καὶ ἡ Κριθωτὴ δ' ὁμώνυμος πολίχνη τῶν ἐν τῇ Θρακίᾳ Χερρονήσῳ· πάντα δ ̓ εὐλίμενα τὰ μεταξύ· εἶτ ̓ Οἰνιάδαι καὶ ὁ ̓Αχελώος. This is one of the many passages in Strabo which cannot be securely explained, but by an actual examination of the country. I have placed Astacus at Platyá because here appears to have stood the most important of the towns between Alyzia (Kandili) and Œniadæ (Trikardhó-kastro); at Platyá alone there is a port such as the following words of Scylax seem to require. Μετὰ ταῦτα πόλις ̓Αλύζεια καὶ κατὰ ταύτην νῆσος Κάρνος (Kálamo) καὶ πόλις ̓Αστακὸς καὶ ποταμὸς ̓Αχελῶος καὶ Οἰνειάδαι πόλις.

The ruins which the Editor supposes to be those

of Astacus, and to which I have given the name Crithote, have no port, but stand above an open bay; nor have they the appearance of having belonged to a polis such as Astacus, though perfectly suited to a Tolixn. Finding therefore a ruin to which no other name could be assigned, I supposed that in this instance, as in many others in Greece, the Tolixvn, the mountain, and the cape at its termination all bore the same name, Crithote. I am still of opinion therefore that Strabo, who like Scylax proceeds from north to south, meant to say, "Then occur Cape Crithote, and the Echinades, and the city Astacus, homonymous with that near Nicomedeia . . . . There is also a small town Crithote, homonymous with one of the towns in the Thracian Chersonese. Next (after Astacus) occur Eniada and the Achelous."

εν

ASTYRA, by G. L.

ων

The position of Astyra in the territory of Abydos may perhaps be ascertained by some remaining vestiges of its gold mines which were conspicuous in the time of Strabo, and from which mines the riches of Priam are said to have been derived: ὁ δὲ Πριάμου (πλοῦτος) ἐκ τῶν ἐν ̓Αστύροις περὶ Αβυδον χρυσείων, ὧν καὶ νῦν ἔτι μικρὰ λείπεται· πολλὴ δ ̓ ἡ ἐκβόλη καὶ τὸ ὀρύγματα, onμɛła tñs wádai peradλɛíaç, Strabo, p. 680. The position of another Astyra near Adramyttium, celebrated for its temple of Artemis Astyrene, is correctly stated by G. L. There can be little question as to the accuracy of Pausanias in describing the hot sources of a

n

third Astyra in the district of Atarneus opposite to the hot sources in Mytilene, so precise is his description of them, and himself having been a native of the not very distant Magnesia. There was a fourth Astyra in the district of Phoenice, in the Peræa Rhodiorum (Confer Strabo, p. 651-Stephan. in "AoTupa). Of this city coins are extant bearing the Rhodian type of Apollo. Their having been found in Rhodes led to the erroneous belief that there was a city named Astyra in that island.

ATHENÆ, by the EDITOR.

A celebrated Prussian archæologist remarks, that "in Germany, beyond the professional men of education, a smaller number reads learned historical works than in England;" but that "a neverresting machinery is at work, exciting an immense number of incompetent writers and young men to make themselves a reputation by doubting whatever has been said before them." (Bunsen, in "Life and Letters of Niebuhr," p. xii.) Untravelled German scholars of high attainments are sometimes liable to a similar imputation; nor are our own great historians of Greece free from that of having bestowed too much attention and placed too much reliance on German authorities in preference to those of England, without reflecting that English geographers are generally aúróπTTаι, while the Germans are seldom more than speculators upon English information. Mr. Grote, as well as the Editor of the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,

has adopted that new theory of Athenian topography which includes a considerable portion of the falls of Hymettus within the eastern walls of the city, and places Phalerum at Trispýrghi on the eastern promontory of the Phaleric bay. Without the strongest monumental evidence, which in this case is totally wanting, I find it impossible to assent to either of these bold innovations. But upon this question it is unnecessary for me to enlarge, as a refutation of them has been undertaken by an eminent geographer, one of the most learned of the contributors to Dr. Smith's elaborate and most useful compilation.

BARGASA, by G. L.

"Leake places Bargasa in his map by conjecture at the head of the gulf (Sinus Ceramicus), at a place which he marks Djovata." The "conjecture" is confirmed by the Admiralty Survey (1604). At Port Djova (so named by Capt. Graves), immediately above the mouth of the river Kadin to the northward, are Hellenic remains and sepulchres, sufficient to fix the site of Bargasa. On the same northern coast of the same gulf, Capt. Graves found considerable remains of the city Ceramus, which gave name to the gulf. Both Ceramus and Bargasa possessed autonomous mints; the legend on the coins of the former is KEPAMIHIOAITON, of the latter BAPTAΣHNON. These were the only two ancient sites observed by Capt. Graves on the shore of the Ceramic gulf.

ΒΑΡΓΑΣΗΝΩΝ.

BARGYLIA, by G. L.

Nothing more than the general outline of the coast between Miletus and Caunus was known, and that most incorrectly, until the publication by the Admiralty of the surveys of Captains Graves and Brock, from whose labours we learn the positions of the principal maritime cities, of none of which, except Halicarnassus and Cnidus, had there been previously any certain accounts. Those distinguished geographers have determined beyond question the sites of Bargasa, Ceramus, Myndus, Caryanda, and Bargylia. In the Admiralty Chart numbered 1531, Captain Graves has furnished us with a plan of the extant remains of Bargylia, consisting of the vestiges of town walls, within which are remains of a temple, two theatres, still almost complete, and outside the walls the ruins of other constructions, among which are a stadium and numerous tombs, with those of a causeway leading over the narrow inlet of the sea, on the western side of which Bargylia stood.

CAUNUS, by G. L.

By means of an inscription copied by Mr. Hoskyn, R. N., Caunus is proved to have stood at a small village named Paleáni, on the right bank of the emissary of the lake of Kiui-gez, so called from a village at the head of it. The ruins of Caunus consist of town walls, some of a very ancient style of masonry, a theatre with thirty-four rows of seats, situated on the slope of the hill of the Acropolis,