with "ruins of baths, temples, and an aqueduct (Journal of the R. Geographical Society, xii. p. 143, and Mr. Hoskyn's map). Caunus thus ascertained leaves no doubt that the great bay of Karagatsh was Port Panormus of the Caunii, and that the Talamon Tshai is the river Calbis or Indus.

CERAMEICUS (Sinus), by G. L.

The means of correcting and enlarging this article will be found in the beautiful work of Captain Graves, the Admiralty Chart, No. 1604, one of the most interesting of the geographical discoveries made under the administration of Sir Francis Beaufort.

CNIDUS, by G. L.

This article, though copious and carefully composed, might receive some interesting additions from the chapter on Cnidus in the third volume of the Antiquities of Ionia (folio, 2nd edition) published by the Society of Dilettanti.

COSA in ETRURIA (Ansedonia), by E. H. B.

COSA in GALLIA (Coz between Thoulouse and Cahors), by G. L.

There was a third Cosa (not in the dictionary) in Thracian Macedonia, but of which the exact position is not yet ascertained. It is described by

Stephanus, who writes the name Koosta, and describes it as a Θρᾴκης πολίχνιον. Its didrachma of gold inscribed KOZON are not very uncommon in

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that country. Their types and style lead to the belief that they were struck in haste for the use of the Roman army by M. J. Brutus, when in possession of the gold mines of Mount Pangæum prior to the battle of Philippi in B. c. 42. Cosa was probably not far from Philippi, and the head-quarters perhaps of Brutus. Vide Numismata Hellenica, Europe, p. 42.

CREMASTE, by G. L.

From the name and the mention by Xenophon of a plain near Cremaste, this place might, as well as Astyra, be looked for in the heights above Abydus, and here, perhaps, some remains of the opúyuara, σημεῖα τῆς πάλαι μεταλλείας, which existed in the time of Strabo, may still be visible, as at the ancient mines of Attica and of the Macedonian Chalcidice. The whole range along the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles was probably auriferous, for besides the testimony of Pliny (37, 11) and Polyænus (2, 1,

26) as to the gold mines of Lampsacus, it is remarkable that of all the three cities which occupied this tract of country, namely, Dardanus, Abydus, and Lampsacus, gold coins are extant; and of no others in the Troad. Cyzicus, which is not very distant from Lampsacus, has also gold coins.

CYLLENE, HYRMINE, by the EDITOR.

The latter of these two Homeric cities I suppose to have occupied the site of Khlemutzi or Kastro Tornese, a ruined castle, standing in the centre of

the conspicuous promontory at the western extremity of the Peloponnesus, which seems to have derived its ancient name Chelonatas from its resemblance at a distance to a tortoise (Tr. in Moréa, ii. p. 176). The Editor on the contrary, following apparently Dr. Curtius, places Cyllene midway be-tween the Capes Papa and Glarentza amidst the lagoons and pine-woods which now occupy that shore, and where a harbour, if it ever existed, must have been an artificial basin now obliterated. Hyrmine he places at Kunupéli, a small rocky projection on the same shore, to the northward of his proposed site of Cyllene, where, among remains of different ages, are those of a Hellenic fortress. To arrive at this conclusion, he is obliged to substitute xv M. P. for the II M. P. or v M. P. of Pliny (3, 16) as the distance between Cyllene and Chelonatas, and to suppose that at so late a time as the commencement of the Christian æra the Peneius, which now joins the sea to the southward of the peninsula of Chelonatas, discharged itself to the northward of that peninsula. The authorities favourable to this hypothesis are, 1. Ptolemy, whose names occur in the following order-Dyme, Araxus extrema Eleæ, Cyllene navale, Penei fluvii ostia, Chelonatas promontorium, Chelonatas sinus, Ichthys extrema, Alphei fluvii ostia; 2. The Tabular Itinerary, in which XIV M. P. is the distance from Dyme to Cyllene, and XIV also that from Cyllene to Elis. But such evidence cannot be admitted as of much weight against that of Strabo, assisted by an actual examination of the places, even when the text of Strabo, defective as it often is, may require some correction. That

it does stand in need of correction in the passages relating to Cyllene and the Peneius cannot be questioned, as the text is at variance with itself. Strabo remarks (p. 337) that Araxus, the northern promontory of the Eleia, was 60 stades distant from Dyme of Achaia. Araxus he considered the beginning of the Eleian paralia, beyond which, in proceeding westward (more correctly SS.W.), occurred Cyllene the port (ἐπίνειον) of the Eleians, from which there was a distance of 120 stades to the city Elis. He then remarks that the words of Homer, Ὦτον Κυλλήνιον, ἄρχον ̓Επειών, referred to this Cyllene, which he describes as a middle-sized town (κώμη μετρία), containing an ivory statue by Colotes wonderful to behold, but no longer to be found apparently at Cyllene in the time of Pausanias. The text of Strabo then proceeds as follows: Μετὰ δὲ Κυλλήνην ἀκρωτήριόν ἐστιν ὁ Χελωνάτας, δυσμικώτατον τῆς Πελοποννήσου σημεῖον ̇ Προκεῖται δ ̓ αὐτοῦ νησίον καὶ βράχεα ἐν τοῖς μεθορίοις τῆς τε κοίλης Ηλιδος καὶ τῆς τῶν Πισατῶν, ὅθεν εἰς Κεφαλληνίαν πλέοντι εἰσὶ στάδιοι ὀγδοήκοντα. Αὐτοῦ δέ που καὶ ὁ Ἑλίσσων ῥεῖ ποταμὸς ἐν τῇ λεχθείσῃ μεθορίᾳ. Μεταξὺ δὲ τοῦ Χελωνάτα καὶ τῆς Κυλλήνης ὅ τε Πηνειὸς ἐκδίδωσι ποταμὸς καὶ ὁ Σελλήεις ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγόμενος, ῥέων ἐκ τῆς Φολόης· ἐφ ̓ ᾧ Ἔφυρα πόλις, ἑτέρα τῆς Θεσπρωτικῆς, καὶ τῆς Θετταλικῆς καὶ τῆς Κορίνθου, τετάρτη τις ἐπὶ τῇ ὁδῷ κειμένη τῇ ἐπὶ θάλατταν, ἤτοι ἡ αὐτὴ οὖσα τῇ Βοινώᾳ (τὴν γὰρ Οἰνόην οὕτω καλεῖν εἰώθασιν) ἢ πλησίον ἐκείνης, διέχουσα τῆς Ἠλείων πόλεως σταδίους ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι. This passage evidently cannot be right as it stands, because after remarking that next to Cyllene occurs the promontory Chelonatas, which is identified with Cape Tornese as being the

westernmost point of the Peloponnesus, and as having a small island before it, Strabo is made in his text to assert that between Cyllene and Cape Chelonatas, two rivers join the sea, the Peneius and the Selleeis, whereas there is but one considerable river between the Capes Araxus and Ichthys, namely, the Peneius. I proposed therefore (Tr. in Moréa, i. p. 7) the following corrected reading of the words Meražu, &c. « Μετά τον Χελωνάταν καὶ τὴν Κυλλήνην ὅ τε Πηνειός ἐκδίδωσι ποταμὸς ὁ καὶ Σελλήεις ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγώμενος, ῥέων ἐκ τῆς Φολόης· ἐφ ̓ ᾧ Ἔφυρα πόλις.” With this emendation Strabo will be found consistent with the real topography, on the supposition that Cyllene occupied the site of Glarentza, which we have sufficient reason for presuming, as it is the only harbour on the whole coast between Araxus and Ichthys, and the ordinary place of communication from the Moréa to the islands of Zante and Cefalonia, and as it still preserves some ruins of the same kind as those existing on the site of Elis, the distance moreover between the two places agreeing with that given by Strabo and confirmed by Pausanias. The number of stades assigned by the text of Strabo to the interval between Cape Chelonatas and Cephallenia, namely 80, is manifestly erroneous; the shortest distance between the two shores being 18 geographical miles, or 180 stades, so that the latter is perhaps the number of stades we ought to read instead of 80. The distance between Cape Chelonatas and Cyllene in Pliny, namely, II M. p. V M. P. (the MSS. differing), is tolerably correct in either case, measuring the shorter distance in a direct line and the longer by the line of coast. The