ABBOT, Archbishop, becomes leader of the Puritans, ii. 254.
Abbots, feudal aspect of, i. 355; lose their places in parliament, ii. 90.
Achaian League, a great example of Federal government, i. 49-51; its form of govern- ment, 50, 51, 74.
Acts, of Appeals, ii. 160; Army, 421; Ballot, 536, 537; Conventicles, 365, 366; Corpo- ration, 425-427; Corrupt Practices, 469, 532; Dissenting Ministers, 426; Elemen- tary Education, 581; Emancipation, 430; Five-Mile, 366, 426; Government, 352, 353; Habeas Corpus, 380, 382, 383; Indemnity, 426; Licensing, 379, 380; Local Govern- ment, 578, 579; Mortmain, 142; Mutiny, 421, 422; Municipal Corporations, i. 474, ii. 568; Navigation, ii. 31; Oaths, 428; Parliamentary Registration, 532; Public Health, 580-582; Redistribution of Seats, 537, 538; Riot, 125; Roman Catholic Relief, 429, 430; Schism, 426; Septennial, 457, 458; Settlement, 422, 423, 425, 443, 444; Submission, 69; Succession, 84; Supre- macy, 75, 76, 77-79, 81; Test, 370-372, 396, 397, 427; Triennial, 305, 306, 457; Uniformity, 126, 364, 365; Vagrancy, 118; Vestry, 573.
Adams, J. H., on the introduction of convey- ancing, i. 140; on laenland, 142; on the identity of the modern hundred and the early shire, 145, 171, 193; on the agency of the family, 195; on the right of feud, 196; on the maegth, 197; on the jurisdiction of king and witan, 201; on compromise, 207; on sac and soc, 209; on manorial law, 254. Addled Parliament, nickname of James I.'s second parliament, ii. 238.
Adjournment, king's right to force adjourn- ment of the house of commons resisted, ii. 277, 278.
Admiral, office of, i. 547, 549; ii. 558. Admiralty, court of, origin, i. 549; ii. 558; its encroachments upon the common law tri- bunals, i. 550; number of officials, ii. 558; maritime cases, 588.
Admonition to Parliament, ii. 171. Advertisements, put forth, ii. 171.
Ælfred the Great, his wars with the Danes, i. 167; compared with Washington, 167; retreats to Athelney, 167; victorious at Ethandun, 167; divides the kingdom with the Danes, 168; laws of, position of the king defined by, 177.
Æthelbald, king of the Mercians, his supre- macy, i. 163; defeat of, 163. Æthelberht, king of Kent, and third Bret- walda, i. 152; his conversion, 155; extends the faith, 156.
Æthelburh, daughter of Ethelberht, mar- ries Eadwine, i. 156, 162; flies from North- umberland, 157.
Æthelred the Second, deposed, i. 190, 504; called the Unready, 214; takes refuge in Normandy, 214, 227; restored, 214; death, 215; quarrels with the Norman dukes, 226, 227; marriage with Emma, 227. Athelstan, son of Edward the Elder, com- pletes the conquest of the Danelagh, i. 168. Affirmation, right of, granted to separatists and others, ii. 427; case of Mr. Bradlaugh, 427, 428; Oaths Act relating to, 428. "Agreement of the People," the prototype of American constitutions, ii. 341, 342; pre- sented to the commons, 342. Agincourt, battle of, ii. 28. Agitators, army representatives, ii. 335, 336. Agricola, Julius, his conquest of Britain, i. 118.
Aidan, his see at Lindisfarne, 1. 158. Aids, used by Henry I., i. 272; as a source of royal revenue, 294; exacted by John from the knights, 374; limitation on the exac- tion of, by the Great Charter, 384, 421; reaffirmed in the Statute of Westminster I., 406; become extinct, 490. See also Taxa- tion.
Alchred, his deposition, i. 190.
Alienation. See Land.
Aliens, recent legislation on, ii. 229. Allegiance, doctrine of, ii. 424, 425. Allen, Professor William Francis, on See- bohm's theory as to the manor, i. 116. Allen, William, establishes a college at Douay, ii. 165.
Almon, case of, ii. 489, 490.
Ælfhere, Abbot, bearer of the king's writ, Alod, use of the word, i. 126, 134, 135, 136,
139; disappears in Bookland, 140, 411.
Amercements, regulated by Great Charter, | Arminians, opponents of Puritans, ii. 254;
i. 389; by Statute of Westminster I., 406. America, growth of English political organiza- tion in, i. 15, 68, 77-79; colonization in, how affected by physiography, 15, 16; struggle for possession of, by European nations, 16; right of acquisition of, based on discovery, 16, 17, 19; colonization in, by English com- panies, 17 et seq.; land held under royal charters, 19 et seq.; first representative as- sembly held in Virginia, 21; proprietary colonies in, 24, 25; theory of colonial rights, 25, 26; the product of aggregation, 27, 28; township in the North and county in the South the active agents, 29; sur- vival of feudal principles in land law, 48; effect of increased population on the Eng- lish colonies, 53; expansion of, at the cost of France, 54, 55; independence of, 55, 56; vice-admiralty courts in, 551; English set- tlements in, ii. 233, 234; Plymouth colony, 279-281; Mayflower compact, 279; Puri- tan exodus to, 280; suffrage in New Eng- land, 280, 281; its executive modelled after George III., 504; preliminary treaty of peace with, concluded, 505; war with, in- creases the English national debt, 510. Anderson's Reports, quoted, ii. 264. Angles, Engles, mentioned by Tacitus, i. 115; their homeland, 115; whole tribe probably passed into Britain, 116; give their name to the land, 116; kingdoms of, 150. Anglicans, views, ii. 86; leaders, 86; contro- versy with the Lutherans, 86.
Annates, their payment to the pope forbid- den, ii. 68, 72.
Anne of Cleves, her marriage with Henry VIII., ii. 94.
Anne, Queen, her claim to the throne set aside, ii. 422; presides at cabinet councils, 447; opposed to party government, 447; uses the veto power, 447; on the union of England and Scotland, 448; death, 449, 450.
Annual Parliament Bill. See Triennial Act. Anselm, his dispute with Henry I. on the subject of investiture, i. 347.
Appeal, of murder, i. 311; abolished, 311; ancient system of, 200; ecclesiastical sys- tem of, 341, 342; private accusations by, abolished, 442.
Appeal, court of, creation, ii. 590; an inter- mediate court, 591.
Appropriation Act, the annual, ii. 562.
Aquitaine, lost to England, i. 555.
Archbishop's writ, i. 343.
Archdeacon, court of, i. 341.
Argyle, Earl of, beheaded, ii. 396.
Aristotle, the founder of political science, i. 4, 5, 595.
Armada, Spanish, effect of its defeat on mod- erate catholics in England, ii. 173.
principles of, 254; resolutions in the house of commons against, 277, 278. Army. See Military System. Army, Cromwell's reform of the Puritan, ii. 327-329; adopts a constitution of its own, 335, 336; treatment of Charles I., 336-338; purges the house of commons, 338; peti- tions the Rump Parliament for its dissolu- tion, 345, 346; constructs a dictatorship, 346; opposes the offer of the crown to Cromwell, 352; Cooper's speech on, 355; organizes a permanent council of general officers, 355; attacked by the house of commons, 355; favored by Richard Crom- well, 355; leaders agree with republicans to set aside the protectorate, 356; officers expel the Rump Parliament, 356; division between the Scottish and English forces, 356; use in suppressing rioters, 500, 501. See Military System.
Array, commissions of, issued by Charles I., ii. 320. See Military System. Articles, of Confederation of the United States, i. 52, 56, 58; the Ten, ii. 87; Stat- ute of the Six, 91-93; of Enquiry, 116; the Forty-two, 126-129; Thirty-nine, 128, 159; the Eleven, temporary adoption, 159. Arthur, son of Geoffrey, acknowledged in Anjou, i. 364; his overthrow and murder, 364.
Arthur, eldest son of Henry VIII., marries Catherine of Aragon, ii. 38; death of, 38. Arundel, Archbishop, his persecution of the Lollards, i. 539.
Arundel, Earl of, question of privilege of the
house of lords involved in his case, ii. 260. Ashford v. Thornton, case of, i. 311, 332. Ashley, Lord, speech on the army, ii. 355+ head of Charles II.'s cabinet, 369; joins the opponents of the court, ii. 372; opposes the marriage of James with Mary of Modena, 372; dismissed from office, 372; becomes leader of the country party, 372; in favor of the succession of Monmouth, 384; dis- missed as president of the council, 384; suggests agitation by petitions, 384; pre- sents the Duke of York to the grand jury of Middlesex, 385; appearance at Oxford, 386; imprisonment and flight, 388. Aske, Robert, leads a revolt in the north, ii. 85; his demands, 85. Assandun, Battle of, i. 215. Assessments. See Taxation.
Assize, court of, legislation by, of Norman origin, i. 206, 329; use of the word, 291: to be distinguished from the ancient county court, 319, 320; modern court of, its de velopment, 333, 340; cognizance of elec tions, 529; serious offences reserved for, ii. 192: Of Arms, i. 284, 291, 298, 312, 451, ii. 196; of Clarendon, i. 286–289, 291,
450; of the Forest, 291, 312; of North- | Barebones Parliament. See Parliament. ampton, 291, 318; of Nottingham, 360; the Great Assize, 329, 330. Assizes. See Judicial System. Astley, surrender of, ii. 332. Attainder, bills of, i. 578, 582; of the king, removed by descent of the crown, ii. 22; of the subject, removable only by act of parliament, 22.
Barillon, on James II. and the French treaty, ii. 394, 395.
Atterbury, Bishop, Rights and Privileges, ii. 458.
Attorney-general, appointment of the first, ii. 19 n.; excluded from house of commons, 442.
Augsburg, Confession of, ii. 87.
Augustine, Saint, his mission to Britain, i. 155.
Auxilium, use of the name, i. 297.
BABBINGTON, ANTHONY, conspiracy, ii. 167. Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam, on Henry VII.'s claim to the throne, ii. 21; on Henry VII.'s act for security of the subject, 23; on the basis of the jurisdiction of the privy council, 24; on the court of the star cham- ber, 26; on Henry VII. and the nobility, 28; on Henry VII. as a lawgiver, 30, 31; idea of toleration, 218; defends the report of the commissioners on the union of Eng- land and Scotland, 228; on purveyance and wardship, 231; king's counsel, 235; attor- ney-general, 235, 236; urges the calling of parliament, 236; on James I., benevolence, 239; made lord chancellor, 242; made Lord Verulam, 242; counsels economy, 242; im- peached for judicial corruption, admits his guilt, 246; on duty of judges, 281; on Henry VII., councillors, 368; sits in the house of commons, 442; on the effect of limiting freedom of thought, 493. Bæda, his Ecclesiastical History, i. 122; on the so-called Bretwaldadom, 152; on the satraps of the Saxons, 174.
Bagehot, Walter, on the cabinet, ii. 452; on the fusion of executive and legislative powers, 544; on the duties of the house of lords, 545; on the choice of cabinet officials, 554; on the English Constitution, 592. Bailiff, i. 462. See Reeve. Ball, John, i. 508.
Baltimore, Lord, proprietor of Maryland, i. 24, 32; nature of his grant, 24. Bancroft, George, on interstate citizenship, i. 75; compared with Tacitus, 94. Bancroft, Richard, becomes archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 224.
Bank of England, incorporated, ii. 434, 435; operations of, 435; ordered to suspend cash payments, 511; guardian of the na- tional revenues, 556.
Bankruptcy, statute relating to, ii. 99. Banneret, dignity of, i. 437.
Baronet, creation of the title of, ii. 236. Barons, supremacy of, under Stephen, i. 276; estate of, identical with house of lords, 349, 354; personal summons to the national council, 353, 354, 435; oppose taxation of Richard I., 361; assume leadership in the nation, 366; their defection from John, 372, 374; taxes laid on, 374; refuse to serve abroad, 375; demand reform, 376, 378; meeting of, at St. Edmund's, 378; at Stam- ford, 379; John's surrender to, 379; bene- fited by Great Charter, 383, 384; papal condemnation of, 392; their offer to Lewis of France, 393; pay homage to Lewis, 394; refuse military service to Edward I., 419; further resistance under Bigod and Bohun, 420-423; created by writ and patent, 436; participation of, in taxation, 483; right to exclusive control of royal administration, 500; their strength as a military body, 565; power weakened by subinfeudation, 566; decline of, under the Lancasters, ii. 28; not strengthened by Henry VII., 28. Barons' War, the, i. 400; ii. 13. Basilicon Doron, ii. 212; circumstances under which written, 214.
Bastwick, his Flagellum Pontificis, ii. 294; sentence against, 294, 295; released from prison, 304.
Bate, resists the payment of royal impost on currants, ii. 226; judgment against, 226; discussion of the decision by the commons, 230; question of the doctrine of divine right in the case of, 272.
Battle, Kemp P., on the case of Bayard v. Singleton, i. 80.
Bayard v. Singleton, case of, its significance, i. 47, 80.
Bayonne, Bishop of, Letters, ii. 62. Beauchamp, Sir John, high admiral of Eng- land, i. 548.
Beauchamp, Lord, question of legitimacy, ii.
Beaufort, Henry, bishop of Lincoln, i. 553; chancellor, 554; leads the council, 555; his death, 555-
Beauforts, legitimatized, i. 554; limitation on, 554.
"Bed-chamber question," ii. 548, 549. Benefices, become hereditary, i. 224, 269. Beneficium, the, its origin, i. 223; united with commendation, 224; hereditary character of, 224. See Benefices. Benefit of clergy, ii. 99. Benevolences, i. 579; forbidden, 586; ille- gally collected by Richard III., 588; ex- acted by Edward IV., ii. 19; under Henry VII., 29; history of, 29 n.; levied by Henry VIII., 44; history of, after Henry
VIII, 44; revived by James I., 238; op- position to, 238, 239; resisted in West- minster and Middlesex, 263; opponents to the demand of Charles I. for, imprisoned, 264; sermons in favor of, 264. See also Taxation.
Beornwulf, king of the Mercians, defeated by Ecgberht, i. 166.
Beowulf, song of, reveals English moral tem- per, i. 113.
Beresford, Sir Simon de, case of, quoted, ii. 387.
Bernicia, division of Northumbria, united with Deira under Oswiu, i. 158, 162, 163. Berwick, treaty of, ii. 297.
Bible, translation of the Great, in England, ii. 102; as a source of religious truth, 168; Tyndale's translation of the New Testa- ment in England, 168; preparation of the Authorized Version sanctioned, 219. Bigelow, Melville M., on the hundred courts, i. 256; on the courts of itinerant justices, 258; on sheriffs, 307; on royal jurisdiction, 316.
Bigod, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, resists Ed- ward I., 419, 422, 498.
Bill of Rights. See Declaration of Rights. Bills, parliamentary, regulation of, i. 519; money bills to originate in house of com- mons, 519, 525, 541.
Birinus, converts the West Saxons, i. 158. Birmingham, recent survival of the bailiffs and court leet in, i. 457.
Bishops, their position in the shire moot, i. 199, 200; separate court of, 260, 286, 304, 341, 446, 448; baronial status of, 287, 354, 355; election of, before and after the Nor- man Conquest, 287, 345-347; defend the Anglican Church, ii. 62; nomination by Congé d'élire, 72, 73; creation of twenty-six bishoprics by parliament, 77; required by Edward VI. to destroy old service-books, 125; Elizabeth's difficulties with, 157, 158; status made secure by act of parliament, 163; office of Scotch bishop abolished, 213; James VI. espouses cause of Scotch bish- ops, 214; Puritans wish authority dimin- ished, 312; popular demonstration against, 314; impeachment of certain bishops, 314; restored to their livings by Charles II., 360; act excluding from the house of lords re- pealed, 361; protest of the seven against reading the Declaration of Indulgence, 404; imprisonment and trial of the seven, 404, 405; enthusiasm over their acquittal, 405.
Board of Trade, revived, ii. 444; legally con- stituted, 445.
Boards. See Local Government. Bohun, Humfrey, Earl of Hereford, resists Edward I., i. 419, 422, 498.
Boleyn, Anne, secretly married to Henry VIII., ii. 70; convicted of adultery and exe cuted; 84; marriage with Henry VIII. declared null and void, 84.
Bolingbroke, Lord, opposition to Marlbor- ough, ii. 448, 449; plots for the return of the Pretender, 449; impeachment and flight, 456, 457.
Bonner, Bishop, refusal to take oath of su- premacy, ii. 162.
Bordeaux, lost to England, i. 555. Borh, i. 458.
Boroughs, burg, their constitution, i. 152, 454; Teutonic origin of, 455; creation of, for political purposes, ii. 202, 390, 465; first charter of incorporation and abuse of in- corporations, 464, 465; last royal charter, 465; varying status of the franchise in, 466; origin of nomination boroughs, 466; unjust distribution of the representation from, 466; Cromwell's effort at reforming the representation of, 466; traffic in nomi- nation boroughs, 467 ; nomination boroughs sometimes used to assist a rising young man, 467, 468; lack of connection between a nomination borough and its representa- tive, 468; Pitt's efforts to reform the repre- sentation in, 520, 521, 522; Grey's proposal for reform in representation, 523; Lord Russell's resolutions on the reform of, 524, 525; rotten boroughs disfranchised by the reform bill, 529; franchise extended by the Representation of the People Act, 535; charters used for political effect, 567; fran- chise vested in rate-payers, 567; reorgani zation of, under the Municipal Corpora tions Acts, 567, 568.
Boston, Mass., its municipal history, i. 40. Bosworth, battle of, i. 588. Boutmy, Émile, on the origin of English con- stitutional law, i. 415. Bouvines, battle of, i. 377. Bracton, Henry de, i. 413, 414; authority for trial by battle, 311.
Bradlaugh, case of, ii. 427, 428, 484. Bradshaw, on the dissolution of the Rump Parliament, ii. 346.
Brantly, W. T., on the evolution of the Constitution of the United States, i. 79. Breda, declaration of, ii. 357, 359- Brentano, Dr. Ludwig J., on the merchant- gild and the borough, i. 460. Bretwalda, supremacy of, i. 152; theories of Palgrave, Kemble, Freeman, and Green with regard to, 152-154; forms of the name, 153.
Bribery. See Corruption.
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