tion, 110-112, 123; its likeness to their |
political system, 110, 112, 123; origin of
feudalism, 111, 133; influence of their re-
ligion on their national character, 112-114;
influence of Teutonic mythology on na-
tional character, 112, 113; limits of their
conquest in Britain, 149.

Thegns, thanes, origin of the order, i. 131;
supplant the old eorls, 132; effects of the
growth of on the ceorls, 133; grants of
bookland to, 141; nobility become tenants
in chief, 179, 238, 242, 278, 295, 351, 352,
353, 432, 434; sit in the shire-moot, 305.
Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canter-

bury, his organization of the English
Church, i. 160; breaks up the great dio-
ceses, ib.; his system completed under
Eadward the Elder, 263.

Theodosian Code, supplies inquest by proof,
i. 325; basis for punishment of heresy by
death, ii. 146.

Theow, i. 127.

Thomas of Aquin, Saint, his defence of papal

supremacy, i. 370.

Thomas of Bayeux, appointed archbishop of
York, i. 259.

Thomas of London, archbishop of Canter-

bury, i. 284; first quarrel with Henry II.,
285; second quarrel, 286; exiled, 286; his
summons to the council of Northampton,
290.

Thomas v. Sorrel, case of, ii. 398, 399.
Thorpe's case, i. 532, 533.

Thurloe, John, on Cromwell, ii. 354.
Thurlow, Edward, contests the libel act, ii.
492.

Tindall, Chief Justice, use of the military in
putting down riots, ii. 500.
Tithes, ii. 97 n.

Tithing, i. 197, 198; merges into the town-
ship, ii. 184.

Tobacco, impost on, ii. 225, 226.
Tocqueville, Alexis de, quoted, i. 1; on the
grant of charters to New England colonies,
22; on the state-building in America, 28;
on the constitution of the United States,
50, 66.

Todd, Alpheus, on the prime minister, ii.
510.

Tofig the Proud, bearer of the king's writ, i.
257.

Toleration, growth of, ii. 425, 431; effect of
the preaching of Wesley and Whitefield
on, 426; Toleration Act of 1689, benefit
to protestant dissenters, 425, 426; Mans-
field's utterances on, 426; of Unitarians,
426, 427; right of affirmation allowed,
427, 428; emancipation of the Jews, 428;
as to catholics, 429, 430.

Tolls, i. 361, 488.

Tonnage and poundage. See Taxation.
Tories, use of name, ii. 385; dismissed from
office, 448, 449; weakness of opposition of,
456; impeachment of leading Tory peers,
456, 457; new party headed by Lord
North, 502.

Torrens, W. M., on origin of cabinet govern-
ment, ii. 450.

Torture, i. 582; used on Campian, ii. 166;
history of its use, 166; use on Peacham,
239, 240.

Tostig, son of Godwine, earl of the Mer-
cians, deposed and outlawed, i. 230; per-
suades Harold Hardrada to invade Eng-
land, 230; killed at Stamfordbridge, 230.
Town meeting, functions, ii. 184; jurisdiction
passes to the manorial courts, 184; parish
vestry absorbs its duties, 185; question of
revoking their charters, 388, 389; many
voluntarily surrender their charters, 389;
tendency to limit the suffrage in, 390; rise
of self-elected governing bodies, 390.
Towns, English, origin and growth of, i. 40,
41; their struggle for municipal independ-
ence, 461 et seq.; representation of, 462,
465, 480; their purchase of commercial
privileges, 462; right of election of magis-
trates, 462; their reluctance to return
members, 471; question as to who elected
their representatives, 471, 473; various
types of, 464; earliest representation of,
468; restriction of franchise in, 575.
Township, its origin, i. 12; union of town-
ships in England form the hundred, 27; in
English colonies in America, 28 et seq.; its
transitional stages in England, 30, 143, 144;
equivalent to the village-community, 123;
union of townships forms the early shire,
123, 145, 176; equivalent to the mark,
136, 191; its growth, 143; relations to the
parish, 143, 144, 450; to the manor, 144,
179, 253, 450; its relation to the constitu-
tion of the hundred, 457; the dependent,
becomes the manor, 179; its system the
basis of the municipal, 455; as the parish
and manor, 456; its involved character, ii.
184; unit of organization in England, 184;
secures police administration when tithing
merges into township, 184; after the Con-
quest, becomes the manor, 184; regarded
ecclesiastically, becomes known as the
parish, 184; parish secures its political
functions, 184; in New England, 280.
Towton Field, battle of, i. 560.
Tractatus de Legibus Angliæ, i. 302.
Trade, increase in, under James I., ii. 243.
Transubstantiation, penalty for denying, ii.

92.

Travers, Walter, his Book of Discipline, ii.

171.

Treason, definition of, i. 511, ii. 77, 78; con-
structive, i. 582; crime of, ii. 77 n.; provi-
sions of the Statute of, 77 n.; claiming
the crown during Queen Elizabeth's life
declared treason, 165; to withdraw others
or to be withdrawn from the established
religion, declared to be, 165; acts of Ed-
ward VI. relating to, 177 n.; legislation
concerning, 431, 432; statute for the pro-
tection of those tried for higher treason,
432; acts of Edward VI. relating to, con-
firmed, 432, 433; trial of a peer for, 433;
law of constructive, a dead letter, 499,
500; modern statutes regulating the law
of, 500.

Treasurer, the king's office of, i. 245.
Treasury, department of, ii. 555, 556.
Trevett v. Weeden, case of, its significance,
i. 47.

Tribes, connection of, with gentes, i. 3, 5;
Teutonic, 7, 8; grow into nations, 8.
Triennial Bill, of 1694, ii. 421.

necessity for union, 64, 65; national and
federal parties, 70; bicameral system
adopted, 71, 72, 429; final organization of
the Senate, 72; nature and power of the
supreme court, 73; character of the fed-
eral courts, 74; principle of primary citizen-
ship, 77; admiralty jurisdiction in, re-
formed, 551. See also America.
Universities, coerced and bribed by Henry
VIII., ii. 65, 66; attacked by James II,
401-403. See also Cambridge; Oxford.
Utopia. See More, Sir Thomas.
Utrecht, Peace of, ii. 449; impeachment of
Tory peers for negotiations in, ii. 456.
Uxbridge, peace commissioners at, ii. 332.

VACARIUS, teaches law at Oxford, i. 26.
Vagrancy. See Poor Relief.

Vane, Sir Harry, to extend the powers of the
Rump Parliament, ii. 346.
Venderers, i. 449.

Verdun, treaty of, i. 218.

Verulam, Lord. See Bacon, Sir Francis.
Vestry. See Parishes.

190.

Troyes, treaty of, i. 552.

Tun, meaning of the word, i. 136. See Town-
ship.

Tun-moot, the, i. 12, 30, 31, 124; its nature
and power, 143, 173; its survivals, 191,
254, 456.

Turgot, on the cause of separation of the
colonies from England, i. 27.
Tyler, Wat, i. 509.

Tyndale, William, his translation of the New
Testament in England, ii. 51.

"UNDERTAKERS," ii. 236.

Uniformity, Act of, the second, ii. 126; de-
vised by the earl of Clarendon, 364; its
application, 365.

Unitarians, toleration extended to, ii. 426,
427.

United Provinces, i. 49; influence of their

federal union on the United States, 51;
requisition system of, 52.

United States, primary origin of its federal
system, i. 1; legislative power of, 46, 68;
rests with the people, 47; a great ex-
ample of the federal system, 49; not an
imitation of Achaian League, 51, 74; in-
fluence of Teutonic Leagues on, 51, 74;
their union and independence, 55, 56;
northwestern territory ceded to, 57, 58;
the Articles of Confederation, 56, 57; fail-
ure of the first federal constitution, 58, 59,
64, 65; the federal convention, 59, 60;
the constitution formed, 59, 60, 67 et seq.;

Vici, of Tacitus, i. 96, 101.

Victoria, Queen, creation of peers by, ii.
247; deprived of the revenue of Hanover,
552.

Vill, the, i. 222.

Village-community, its equivalent forms, i. 1,
3, 5, 7, 8, 27, 35, 143, 170; not exclusively
Aryan, 3; its origin, 3, 100; union of, forms
the city commonwealth, 5, 6; aggregation
of, forms the hundred, 7, 8, 27; equiva-
lent to the township, 123; early English,
128.

Village council, the earliest, the parent of
Aryan senates, i. 101.

Villeinage, becomes obsolete, i. 510.
Villiers, George, rise to power, ii. 242; be-
comes duke of Buckingham, 242; with
Prince Charles in Spain, 250; his political
training, 253; distrusted by the commons,
257; attacked by Eliot, 259; befriended
by Charles I., 259; impeached, 259, 260;
elected chancellor of Cambridge Univer-
sity, 260; impeached by the earl of Bris-
tol, 261; failure of his relief expedition
for Rochelle, 266; renewed attack on, 273;
assassinated, 275; committed to the Tower
for contempt, 374.

Vinogradoff, Paul, does not support See-
bohm's theory of the Roman parentage of
the manor, i. 116.
Virginia, part of the London Company's
grant, i. 18, 21; representative assembly
convened by, 1, 18, 21, 429; growth of
independent government in, 20, 21; a typi-

cal royal colony, 20, 22, 35; her charter
cancelled, 20; existence of the hundred
in, 28, 40; the county the active agent in,
29, 36; the parish in, 35-37; organization
of the county, 38, 39; claims the Western
territory, 57; cedes to the United States,
57; her initiative in the gathering of the
federal convention, 59; her bicameral
system adopted, 71; English settlements,
ii. 233, 234.

Virginia Company, chartered, 233.
Virginia Plan," the, i. 70, 71.
Viscount, title of, i. 436.

Visitation, right of, transferred to the king,
ii. 81; commission of, appointed, 81; report
of commissioners of, 81; report of com-
missioners of, leads to suppression of
lesser monasteries, 82; of monasteries, re-
sisted in the north, 85; right of, extended,
115.

Vote by proxy, i. 520.

WADDELL, A. M., on the case of Bayard v.
Singleton, i. 8o.

Waitz, Georg, on Salic Law, i. 222.
Wakefield, battle of, i. 559.

Wales, conquered by Edward I., i. 408; in-
corporated with England, 14.
Wallingford, treaty of, i. 277, 283, 306.
Walpole, Robert, forced to resign, ii. 460;
returns to power, 460; first prime minister
in modern sense, 460, 478; favors a peace
policy, 460; Carlyle on his policy, 460;
forced to drop the Excise Bill, 460, 461;
struggle for his overthrow, 461; forced to
resign by adverse vote in commons, 461;
becomes a peer, 462; on bribery in the
house of commons, 472.
Warbeck, Perkin, ii. 23.

Wards and Liveries, Court of, extinction, ii.
361.

Wardships, i. 272, 294, 361; regulated by
Great Charter, 384, 406; bill against, ii.

221.

Warham, archbishop of Canterbury, at
tempts to reform the clergy, ii. 8o.
Warwick, Earl of (Edward Plantagenet), ii.
23; supplants Somerset, 124; continues
Somerset's policy, 124; Riot Act, 125.
Warwick, Earl of (Richard Neville), i. 558,
559, 568.

Washington, George, his opinion of the first
federal constitution, i. 59; his circular let-
ter, 59; his part in the work of the con-
vention, 62; in "The Virginia Plan," 70;
Alfred the Great compared with, 167.
Watch and Ward, established, ii. 196, 197;
union with the county militia, 197.
Webster, Noah, his system of government

forms the basis of the new constitution, i.
65-67.

Webster, Pelatiah, system of government
proposed by, i. 65.
Wedmore, peace of, i. 167.
Weights, regulated by Great Charter, i. 390.
Weirs, i. 390.

Wellington, Duke of, declaration against
reform, ii. 527; driven from office, 527;
failure to form a ministry, 529; resistance
to the reform bill of 1832, 529.
Welsh, driven westwards by the Teutonic
conquerors, i. 120, 149; position of, 150;
wars of, with Wessex, 164, 165; in Corn-
wall, defeated by Ecgberht, 166; the resti-
tution to, under Great Charter, 391.
Wentworth, Paul, imprisoned, ii. 206.
Wentworth, Peter, asserts the parliamentary
right of deliberation, ii. 207; imprisoned,

207.

Wentworth, Sir Thomas, enters parliament,
ii. 237; elected to house of commons, 266;
outlines the substance of the Petition of
Right, 268, 291; on granting subsidies to
Charles I., 268; dismissed as justice of the
peace, 291; refuses to pay a forced loan,
291; made a peer and enters into royal
favor, 291; attempts to build up a system
of despotism, 291, 292; president of the
Council of the North, 292; lord deputy
for Ireland, 292; becomes earl of Stafford
and lord lieutenant of Ireland, 297; on
the Short Parliament, 299; struggle with
Pym, 301-304; impeached, 301; accused
of levying war against the king, 302; im-
peachment abandoned and bill of attainder
resorted to, 303; executed, 304.

Wergild, the king's, i. 181; origin of its in-
stitution, 195, 196.

Wessex, its tribal kings, i. 146; extent of,
154; its conversion, 158; Mercian inva-
sion of, 163; supremacy of, 164–166, 171,
176, ii. 1; shire system in, 172; earldom
of, 215. See also, below, West Saxons.
Westminster, burial of Eadward the Con-
fessor and coronation of William the Con-
queror at, i. 229, 231; its unique position,
229; provisions of, 401; meeting-place of
parliament fixed at, 477, 478.
Westminster Assembly, creation, and its du-
ties, ii. 325, 326.

West Saxons, conversion of, i. 158; Mercian
supremacy broken by, 163.

Whigs, the, use of the name, ii. 385; treat-
ment of the leaders by Charles II., 387,
388; gain control of the cabinet, 440, 441,
444; adopt party organization in the house
of commons, 441; first Whig ministry,
447; unwise impeachment of Dr. Sache-

verell, 449; favored by George I., 455;
rule of thirty years, 456, 478; strengthen
their hold by the Septennial Act, 457, 458;
silence convocation, 459; effort to restrain
the creation of peerages, 459, 460; last ad-
ministration of, 463; factions among, 504.
Whitby, Synod of, i. 159.
Whitelocke, trial and censure, ii. 241.
Whitgift, Archbishop, attack on
clergy, ii. 172.

Puritan

Wilda, on the gild system, i. 459.
Wilfrid, converts the South Saxons, i. 159.
Wilkes, John, assails Bute in The North
Briton, ii. 480; his criticism in No. 45 of
The North Briton, 480; general warrant for
his arrest, 480, 481; his suit against Wood,
481, 482; claims parliamentary privilege,
482; charged with criminal libel before
the king's bench, 482; delivered by the!
commons to the courts of law, 483; ex-
pelled and declared incapable of reelection,
483; contest with Luttrell, 484; commons
declares its disqualifying resolution illegal,
484; found guilty by the king's bench,
488; fight for the recognition of public
opinion, 494, 495; scheme for reform in
representation, 520.

Wilkes v. Wood, ii. 481.

William the Conqueror, born at Falaise, i.
220; results of his knowledge of Frank
feudalism, 225; his rule in Normandy,
226; visits England, 228; alleged promise
of Eadward to, 228; refuses to recognize
Harold's election, 229; coronation at
Westminster, 229, 231; lands at Pevensey,
230; victorious at Senlac, 230; crown
offered to, 231; his election and corona-
tion, 231, 240; skill displayed in his claim
to the English crown, 232, 235, 266, 354;
his anti-feudal policy, 233, 234, 564; con-
solidation of England under, 234; sub-
mission of the southeast, 234; conquest of
the west and north, 234, 235; confiscation
and regrant under, 235, 236, 242, 265;
development of feudal tenure under, 238,
295, 335; his continuance of existing
usages, 254; his temporal and ecclesiasti-
cal reorganization, 257-261, 339; his re-
strictions on the papal power, 259; limits
ecclesiastical legislation, 262; orders the
Great Survey, 265; his immediate succes-
sion to Eadward assumed in Domesday,
266; his gemot at Salisbury, 268, 269;
statute passed making all men the men of
the king, 269; his death, 270; exaction of
revenue under, 294, 334; his ecclesiastical
policy, 339; exacts every kind of revenue,
ii. 5; establishes the principle that king
is supreme landlord, 6.

William Longsword, duke of the Normans,
gains the Avranches and Coutances, i
220; murdered, 220.

William Rufus, system of military tenures
under, i. 239, 244, 271; his use of the
shire and hundred courts, 255; his acces
sion, 270; revolt of the Norman nobles
under Odo, 270; his promises to the Eng-
lish, 270; influence of Ranulf Flambard
on, 271; development of feudal ideas
under, 272; his death and burial, 272;
Hall of Westminster built by, 477.

William III. and Mary, marriage, ii. 405;
refuse to aid abolition of the penal laws
and the Test Act, 405, 406; invitation
extended to contest the throne of Eng
land, 406, 407; reasons for acceptance of
the invitation, 406, 407; circumstances
of entry into England, 407, 408; call the
second convention parliament, 410; Wi-
liam refuses to be regent, 414; accepts the
crown, 415; refusal of greater ecclesiastics
to take oath of allegiance to, 430, 431;
cabinet government under, 436, 437, 440.
441; veto bill denying to all office-holders
right to sit in the house of commons, 442,
443; death of William, 446. See also
under Mary.

William IV. asks the house of lords to pass
the reform bill, ii. 529; number of peers
created by, 547; surrenders all the inde-
pendent sources of crown revenue, 552.
Wills, unknown in the primitive Teutonic
system, i. 136; origin and growth of, 137,
411; attested by the shire-moot, 202.
Wilson, James, i. 62, 71, 72.
Wiltshire, Earl of, his mission, ii. 64.
Winchelsey, Archbishop, Edward I. makes
peace with, i. 421.
Winchester, Bishop of, mission to Rome, ii.
67; views of, to supremacy, 135, 136.
Winchester, council at, i. 404; statute of,
409, 410, 453, 454.
Wines, dues on, i. 361.
Winthrop, John, in America, ii. 280.
Winwæd, battle of the, Penda slain at, i
159, 163.

Witan, witenagemot, its origin, i. 147; be-
comes the king's council, 177, 208; rela-
tion of, to the king, 181, 182; its composi
tion, 183, 184, 186; compared with Achaian
assembly, 183; its powers, 186 et seq.; a
supreme court of justice, 201; its conti-
nuity unbroken by the Norman Conquest,
239; its composition and powers, 240, 241,
243; its right of election, 240; practical
transformation of, 241, 242; continued
in the national council, 289; survives in
house of lords, 350, 430; its continuity,

351; transformation of, wrought by the
Conquest, 351, 352; historical origin of,
431; continues in the royal council of
the Norman kings, 431, 432; practically
transformed, 432; its right of deposition,
504.

Wittenberg, articles of religious belief drawn
up at, ii. 88.

Witnesses, i. 205, 206, 324–326, 328.

Woden, Odin, supposed ancestor of Old-
English kings, i. 114, 129, 175.
Wolsey, Thomas, rise to prominence, ii. 42;
royal almoner, 43; promotion in the
church, 43; becomes cardinal, 43; be-
comes chancellor, 43; his justice, 43; ele-
vates England on the field of European
politics, 44; appointed legate a latere, 44;
concentrates secular and ecclesiastical
power in his own hands, 44; gives Eng-
land eight years of peace, 44; struggle
with parliament and clergy over money
grants, 49; attempts to suppress Luther-
anism, 51; turning-point in his fortunes, 50;
commends a visitation of the clergy, 51;
suppresses the smaller monasteries, 51;
founds Christ's Church, 52; purges Oxford
of heresy, 52; advises Henry VIII. to re-
fer question of divorce from Catherine to
the Pope, 54; holds legatine court with
Cardinal Campeggio, 55; his overthrow,
55; his portrait of Henry VIII., 56; in-
dictment, 60; attempts to suppress the
lesser monasteries, 81.

Women, enfranchisement of married, under
Local Government Act, ii. 579.
Woodfall, H. S., case of, ii. 489.
Woodstock, assize of, i. 313.
Wool, export tax imposed on, in 1275, i. 406,
489; seized by Edward I., 420; not to be
taxed without consent of parliament, 423;

subsidy on, granted for life to Richard III.,
586.

Worms, Concordat of, i. 346.
Writs, king's, use before and after Norman
Conquest, i. 257, 288, 315, 316, 327, 328,
335; general and special, 290, 352, 416,
433, 435; summoning representatives to
parliament, 377, 465, 468; change in the
form of, 435, 436; of 1254, 1261, and
1265, 465, 466, 469; terms of, modified,
475; result of the development of the
writ process, 476; issued by the king with
the advice of council, 477; præmunientes
clause in, 480, 481; writs of privilege, 533,
534-

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, leads protestant revolt,
ii. 138; executed, 138.

Wycliffe, John, i. 538; reprints of his tracts
spread in England by the Lutherans, ii. 51;
effect of his teachings in England, 59.

YEAR BOOKS, i. 415.
Yelverton, Sir H., impeached, 246.
Yeomen, the basis of the electoral system, i.
510.

York, archbishopric of, i. 161, 263; submits
to William, 234; convocation of, 343.
York, Duke of, acknowledges the right of
parliament to regulate the regency, ii. 516.
York, house of, beginning of a period of
reaction toward monarchical despotism, ii.
17.

York, Richard, duke of, i. 555; his pedigree,
556; protectorate, 557; victorious, at St.
Albans, 557; his second protectorate, 557;
his defeat and triumph, 558; claims the
throne, 558; succession secured to his
house, 559; killed at Wakefield, 559.
Yorktown, surrender at, ii. 503.
Young, Thomas, case of, i. 523.