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objections to the marriage revived; Henry's first parliament, January, 1510, –
tonnage and poundage for life; he enters the Holy League and breaks the
policy of peace; two demands for money in quick succession in the parliaments
of 1511 and 1513; general subsidy of 1514 marks a point in the history of taxa-
tion; results of the heavy pressure of taxation; protest of the New Learning
against the spirit of conquest

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Wolsey and the divorce; no male heir, and Mary's legitimacy assailed; real
grounds for a divorce belittled by unworthy motives; position of the pope as
final judge in such matters, under the theory of the medieval empire; Wolsey
first attempts to hear the case as legate; then refers it to Rome, and guarantees
a successful issue; conflicting motives which there embarrassed its considera-
tion; appointment of Campeggio and failure of his mission; Wolsey's over-
throw; last of the great ecclesiastical statesmen; distribution of his powers;
his portrait of Henry VIII..

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5. Cromwell, 1529-40: his early life; disciple of Machiavelli; member of the
parliament of 1523; his fidelity to Wolsey, who had employed him in the sup-
pression of monasteries; after Wolsey's fall he suggests to the king a new line
of policy; outline of that policy in its broader aspects
Review of the prior relations between the English Church and papacy; resistance
of the feudal supremacy of Boniface VIII.; Statute De asportatis; Statute of
Provisors; Statute of Præmunire; Lollardry; religious revolt of the fourteenth
century a mere prologue to that of the sixteenth
Cromwell aimed not at the restraint but entire abolition of the papal power;
sworn of the privy council; the divorce becomes the mainspring of separation;
Henry's policy of menace and coercion; parliament made the tool of the crown 60

Outline of the work of the Reformation Parliament of 1529; its first session began

in November with an attack upon the clergy; detailed accusation against them;

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the bishops called upon to answer; clergy's dual allegiance; acts for their dis-
cipline, and for the reduction of probate and administration fees; mortuary
fees or "corse presents;" act as to clerical trading, residence, and pluralities;
king released from his debts

Wiltshire's mission to the emperor; attended by Cranmer, who had suggested the
submission of the question of the divorce to the learned; he writes a treatise
upon the subject; his scheme put into practical operation; coercion and bribery
fail to produce a consensus of opinion

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Henry draws nearer to Cromwell's policy, - fresh assault upon the clergy in
second session, January, 1530-31; convocation forced to admit the king's head-
ship of the church with a qualification; cautious policy of the commons; after
adjournment, lords and part of the commons address the pope in the king's
behalf; Catherine banished to Ampthill; Gardiner's mission to Rome

Third session of 1531-32; statute limiting jurisdiction of church courts to diocese

of defendant's residence; conditional statute forbidding payment of annates or

firstfruits, and authorizing the consecration of bishops without papal author-

ity; convocation forbidden to legislate without royal license ("Act of Submis-

sion," 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19, passed at the end of 1533); conditional excommuni-

cation of Henry and Anne.

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Fourth session, February, 1532-33; statute forbidding appeals to Rome in certain
cases; the course of appeal; Cranmer appointed primate; questions involved
in divorce submitted to convocation; Cranmer's decree, which the pope declared
null; Elizabeth born, September 7, 1533

Fifth session, January, 1534; statutes confirming submission of clergy, forbidding
all appeals to Rome, and the payment of Peter's pence; statute as to annates
reenacted with provision authorizing nomination of bishops by congé d'élire, the
method employed to the present day .

Henry's first succession act; oath to support the succession drafted under the
act refused by Fisher and More; breach made final by papal decree, March,
1534, confirming Henry's marriage with Catherine; Henry's bitter response
Sixth session, November, 1534, completes the work of separation; Act of Supre-
macy; all allegiance now due to Henry as king and pontiff; statute to remedy
defects in the succession oath; the new oath, and penalties for its refusal;
Cromwell appointed vicar-general; firstfruits and tenths taken from the pope
and given to the king; statute creating twenty-six new bishoprics

The new machinery of persecution first applied to the Carthusians; then to Fisher

and More; form of the indictments; outcry which followed their executions;

the bull of deposition .

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A new parliament meets in June, 1536; trial and execution of Anne Boleyn;
Henry marries Jane Seymour; second succession act.
Great rebellion in the north, 1536-37, known as the "Pilgrimage of Grace;"
Aske's appeal for the "commonwealth," a term which embodied the growing
political idea of the age; the rebellion cruelly suppressed by Cromwell

Strife of the rival factions at the council board; divergent views of Anglicans and

Lutherans; Henry's attempt to provide a common ground upon which all

parties could meet; convocation of 1536; Ten Articles of religion the result;

Lutheranism and the League of Schmalkald, into which Henry strives to enter;

the Ten Articles expanded into the larger statement known as the "Institution

of a Christian Man; " certain articles drawn up at Wittenberg in 1536; Thir-

teen Articles of 1538 .

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Parliament of 1539 called to hush religious discord; speech from the throne;
statute giving the king's proclamations the force of law; suppression of the
greater monasteries; disappearance of the parliamentary abbots; creation of
new bishoprics; how the abbey lands were disposed of; sale and transfer of
lands facilitated by statute; Henry dictates the Statute of the Six Articles,
which closes the doctrinal legislation of his reign; penalties for offending
against the act

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Dissolution of monasteries transferred care of poor from church to state; begging
and vagrancy; state first assumed the care of the poor by statute of 27 Hen.
VIII. c. 25; beginning of the parochial poor law system; statute of 32 Hen.
VIII. c. 7, authorizing laymen to sue for tithes

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breach with the papacy was final; translation of the Bible and parts of the ser-
vice-books into English; the "Great Bible" of 1539; an English Litany;
Henry's appeal for religious toleration; his final arrangements; the Seymours
and the nobles of the "new blood" irrevocably bound to the cause of the
Reformation

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8. Edward VI.'s Title to the Crown: summary of principles regulating the suc-
cession, - elective kingship blended with feudal theory of hereditary right, civil
always followed by ecclesiastical election, king's peace died with him, the Con-
quest worked no immediate change in the primitive system, transition from per-
sonal to territorial kingship, royal office regarded as a descendible estate,
Edward I. reigns before his coronation, maxim that the king never dies finally
established, accession of Richard II. under the doctrine of representation, elec-
tions become a mere ceremony, ecclesiastical election of Henry VIII., assembly
of estates reasserts right to regulate succession, deposition of Edward II. and
Richard II., parliamentary title of the Lancasters, Edward IV.'s assertion of
indefeasible right, parliamentary settlements in reign of Henry VIII.; statutes
recognizing Edward VI.'s right; Henry's final disposition by will; named six-
teen executors as a council of regency; died January 28, 1547.

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EDWARD VI. AND THE ENGLISH REFORMATION.

1. History of Regencies from Henry III. to Edward VI.: administration of

royal authority during absence, infancy, or incapacity of the king; first regency

after the Conquest constituted at the accession of Henry III.; regency at the

accession of Edward III.; proceedings at the accession of Richard II., the first

to succeed under the doctrine of representation; regencies during the reign of

Henry VI.; sole power of the estates to create regencies emphasized; growing

influence of the commons; regency at the accession of Edward V.; four princi-

ples of constitutional law now distinctly recognized; provisions made by Henry

VIII. for a regency during minority of Edward VI.; provisions of the act of 28

Hen. VIII. c. 7; council of regency appointed by will under authority of the

act; act of 28 Hen. VIII. c. 17; usurpation of Seymour; process by which

he established his protectorate; modification of plan of government provided

by the will; removal of the lord chancellor; patent issued in Edward's name

making Somerset protector with unlimited powers

2. Protectorate of Somerset: English Reformation inaugurated by Somerset and

Cranmer; policy of regarding the church as a mere department of state con-

tinued; new patents for bishops as well as judges; source and extent of

episcopal jurisdiction as defined in Cranmer's patent; right of visitation first

transferred from the pope to the crown by 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21, extended;

Cranmer's scheme of reform outlined in the instructions now issued for a new

visitation; resisted by Bonner and Gardiner, who were imprisoned; necessary

legislation enacted in the parliament which met on November 4, 1547; neces-

sity for the repeal of the Six Articles defining heresy; statutory definitions of

heresy prior to that act; all prior statutes upon the subject repealed by 1 Edw.

VI. c. 12; common law as to heresy as settled in Sawtre's case revived

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