The Bavarian school system embraces four distinct institutions, the Primary or German School, the Latin School, the Gymnasium, and the University. In the volume before us we have a detailed account of only two intermediate institutions, the Latin School and Gymnasium. These two, in some of their general features, resemble the grammar schools and colleges of our own country.

The Latin School is intended for boys between the ages of eight and fourteen years, who wish to prepare themselves by a short course for active business, or for entering the Gymnasium, with a view to a liberal education. It consists of three classes, and each class of two divisions. One seminary of this kind is to be established in every place which contains 3,000 inhabitants. In other towns, where the population and wealth will not admit of a complete school, similar institutions may be founded, embracing only one or two classes. A pupil must remain two years in each class before advancing to a higher,

This rule, respecting the promotion of the scholars, may, however, be dispensed with for the sake of rewarding extraordinary industry and attainments. Prize books are presented at the close of each year to the most distinguished scholars, one to every five or six; and also diplomas or written testimonials of their good behaviour, diligence and success in their studies. Proficiency in the Latin language, is regarded as the surest test of scholarship; yet no one receives a prize who does not rank among the first third in all the other departments of study. The standing of the scholars is determined by the comparative excellence of their translations into the dead languages and other written exercises. At the close of the year, the names of the scholars are published in a printed catalogue, arranged according to their divisions, and in the order of their relative attainments, with the change of place of each individual in the several departments of instruction.

The principal branches of study appointed, are the Latin and Greek Languages, Religion, Penmanship, Arithmetic, Geography, Natural History, and the Hebrew Language, for those intended for theological studies. Music, Drawing, Gymnastics, and the Modern Languages are also to be taught, as time shall permit.

As is usual in the German schools, an hour at a time is assigned to each study, and the time devoted weekly is estimated in this way. Twentysix hours weekly are occupied in

teaching the leading branches of instruction, as exhibited in the table below; three hours every forenoon, commencing in summer at seven o'clock, and in winter at eight; and two hours in the afternoon, Wednesday and Saturday excepted, commencing at two o'clock.

A. Both divisions of the Lowest Class, and the lower division of the Middle

The other branches mentioned in the preceding article, are pursued in extraordinary hours, and are never allowed to encroach upon the time allotted to the regular studies of the institution which are included in this table.

The year is divided into two terms. The first term commences on the 15th October, and closes on the Saturday preceding Palm Sunday. The second term begins on the Monday succeeding Easter week, after a vacation of fourteen days, and ends on the 15th of September, when another vacation takes place of four weeks duration. The school is also closed on Sabbath and feast days.

The institution aims at forming in the minds of the scholars a strong and lively conviction of the truth of christianity, and of the importance of its doctrines and precepts. They are therefore required not only to study religion systematically, but to attend divine service in the school and in the church.

Each class has its own instructer, who takes charge of both divisions. He is allowed to avail himself of the assistance of an approved candidate for the office of an instructer to his class, for whose ability, diligence, and faithfulness, he however is held responsible. The Preceptor of the Lowest Class is required to

understand the branches pursued by both the lower classes with the exception of Greek, and the Preceptor of the Middle Class, all the studies of the school, Hebrew excepted; and they must both be familiar with the art of teaching. The Principal, or Instructer, of the Highest Class, must have resided at a university for the space of at least three years, and is examined respecting his attainments and ability to teach, both orally and in writing, by the Professors of the Gymnasium and Rector of the Latin School, in the principal city of the district or circle.

Candidates for the office of Instructers, are examined by the Rector of the school and a Professor of the Gymnasium, both orally and in writing. They also take charge, for the time, of the Lowest Class, and correct the Latin translations of the scholars in the presence of the examiners. The interval between this examination and their installation in office, must be at least two years, which period they are required to spend in school keeping, either as private Instructers, or as Repetitors in Latin schools. An installation cannot take place before the candidate is eighteen years of age.

The instructers are responsible for the regularity and diligence. of the scholars in their respective classes, and have the sole superintendence over them both in and out of school, and the power of distributing rewards and punishments; but they are bound to remove from school all who are incorrigibly rude, immoral, or indolent.

The Principal or Teacher of the Highest Class, who should be a clergyman, officiates as President or Rector of the institution. He is responsible for the regulation, government, and prosperity of the school. He must consequently consult with the Preceptors at the beginning of each term, respecting the subjects and course of instruction, visit the classes from time to time, acquaint himself with the habits of each scholar, and make such suggestions to the Teachers as he may think the interests of the school require. He oversees the conduct of the scholars as well as their lessons, and secures their orderly behavior during divine service and in the school. He also, in connexion with the Board of Inspectors, takes care that the scholars resort to no public places, houses of entertainment, balls or theatres, without his permission, not even in the company of their parents; and that they lodge and board only at home and in such houses as he shall license.

A Board of Inspectors is appointed for each school, which should consist of one of the clergymen of the place, of one or

two of the magistrates, and of the Rector of the Gymnasium in those cities where one is established. The Board meets at the opening of each term, to afford advice and assistance to the Teachers, and is also present when the school is visited, in order to learn its condition. It is made their duty to aid and sustain the Rector in his oversight of the scholars, to settle all cases of difficulty when invited by him, and maintain, as far as they can, the respectability, influence, and usefulness of the school."

In addition to these local Inspectors, a school visiter is appointed for each circle or district, and all the schools of the kingdom are annually visited for the sake of securing a strict adherence to the rules and plan of instruction and discipline herein prescribed. On his arrival in a place where a school is established, a visiter is required to have an interview with the Rector and Board of Inspectors, and to inquire of them circumstantially respecting the state and wants of the institution. In their company he visits each division of the school, acquaints himself thoroughly with the course and mode of instruction, examines the written exercises of the scholars, and expresses his approbation and censure as he thinks they are deserved. After this, he holds a private conference with the Teachers and Board of Inspectors, discourses freely with them respecting the results of his observations, and makes out a full report to the minister of state, upon the condition, instruction, and discipline of the schools.

The civil authorities do not interfere with the internal arrangements of the school, yet they have a general oversight and control in all matters affecting the state, the rights of individuals, and the pecuniary interests of the institution. They constitute the court of appeal from the decisions of the Teachers, the Rector, and the Board of Inspectors. They have the management of the revenues, and provide for the payment of the Teachers and for the encouragement of merit.

The schools are maintained by public and private liberality and by the fees which are required of the richer class of students. The following books are used in the respective studies.

Small Latin Grammar.

Large do. do.

Latin

Latin Chrestomathy in three parts, each in two chapters or divisions.
Latin Anthology, in two parts, with an introduction to Latin Prosody.
Elementary Book for translating German into Latin, in three parts.

Greek.

Greek Grammar containing frequent references to the Latin.
Greek Chrestomathy, in three chapters.

Greek Anthology in two chapters, with an introduction to Greek Prosody. Elementary Book for translating German into Greek, in three chapters. The Latin and Greek Grammars should exhibit by frequent references to each other the parallelisms and peculiarities of the two languages as nearly as possible.

Hebrew Grammar.

Hebrew Chrestomathy.

Hebrew.

Elementary Book for translating German into Hebrew.

German Grammar.

German.

German Chrestomathy, containing Fables and short Tales.
German Anthology, containing Ballads, Odes, and Songs.

A book of each of these kinds is prepared for Catholics and Protestants respectively, and the religious instruction of the two denominations is carried on separately.

Geography and History and Arithmetic.

Rudiments of Geography.

Manual of Geography.

Terrestrial and Celestial Globes.

Maps of the World, of the four continents, of Germany and of Bavaria.
History of Bavaria.

Two Arithmetics prepared for the Schools.

For the sake of uniformity, the same books are used in all the Latin schools of the kingdom, except that the teachers of religion are allowed to make use of the manuals and compends which are approved by their respective communions. The text books are read nearly in the order in which they stand in the catalogue. The Chrestomathies have their contents arranged so as to increase in difficulty as the scholar advances. The same is true of the Anthologies. The grammars, arithmetics, geographies, and indeed all the class books are also formed with a view to the progress of the youthful mind. Books for practice in translating German into the dead languages, are in constant use through the whole course.

As the Latin is the principal branch of study in this institution, the manner in which it is taught and the proficiency which is made in it by the scholars, will convey a sufficiently precise idea of the system of instruction in all the departments.