Bonceditur. Idem dies dat est præfat Attorn Ad quam quidem octab' sancta Hilar' coram ic Dom' Regis nunc general', &c. Et præd Dom Rege apud Westm, vens tam praefat Attorn die Dom Regis nunc general, qui Robertus Sawyer Mil', qui sequitur, &c. quam pro eod Dom Rege in hac parte sequitur, praed' Major et Communitas, ac Cives civitat quoad placitum præfat Majoris et Communi- London praed', per Attorn' suum praed'. Et at, ac Civium civitat London pred', quoad praed' Major et Communitas, ac Cives civitat libertat, privileg', et franchis' præed', per ipsos London praed', ex quo ipsi sufficiens materiam superius clamat, videlicet, ipsos habere Vice- in lege in placito suo praed' superius repellando com civit et com' civit London, et Vicecom placitat' ad ipsos Majorem et Communitat', ac gom Midd', et nominare et eligere ex seipsis Cives civitat London ad clamand libertat, duas person fore Vie civit praed', et com privileg', et franchis', fore de seipsis unun ejusdem civit, et Vic' com Midd, ac ill' sic corpus corporat et politicum in re, facto, et nominat et elect' praeficere et constituere Vic nomine, per nomen Majoris et Communitat', civit praed', et com' ejusdem civit et Vic ac Civium civitat London, ac per idem nomen com Midd ac ut Vic civit praed', et placitare et implacitari, respondere ac respon com ejusdem civit', de execution' et re- deri per ipsos superius ciamat', eis allocand' et torn' omnium brevium, billarum, et praecep- adjudicand' manutenend' superius allegaver, torum Dom Regis pro administratione jus- quam ipsi parat' sunt verificare; quam quidem titiae infra civit praed', et com ejusdem materiam praed' Attorn' dic' Dom Regis nunc civit exequend' et faciend' quae ad officium general' pro eodem Dom' Rege non dedic', nec Vic faciend' pertinent, et ad faciend' et exe- ad eam aliqualit' respond', sed verification' ill quend' omnia et singula alia infra civit praed', admittere omnino recusat, ut prius, pet' judic', et com' ejusdem civit quae ad officium Vic et quod libertat, privileg', et franchis ill' eis et faciend' pertinent, ac ut Vic com Midd' pro successoribus suis in perpetuum deinceps alloeodem com' deservitur, ac omnia brevia, billas, entur et adjudicentur, et quod ipsi, quoad et praecept Dom Regis infra com Midd praemiss' ill', ab hac cur dimittantur, &c, praed, pro administratione et executione jus- Et praed Attorn' dic' Dom' Regis nunc geticiae ibidem exequend', et retorn' inde faciend' neral', qui pro eodem Dom' Rege in hac parte quae ad officium Vic faciend' pertinent supe- sequitur, quoad exit praed int praed Dom rius placitat'; necnon quoad placitum praefat Regem et praefat Major' et Communitat, ac Major et Communitat, ac Civium civitat Cives civitat London per patriam triand suLondon praed, quoad libertat, privileg', et perius junct', et quoad libertat, privileg, et franchis per ipsos superius clamat, videlicet, franchis' praed' per ipsos superius clamat, viMajor dic civitat, et hujusmodi Alderman' delicet, ipsos habere Vic civit et com' civit ejusdem civitatis, qui officium Majorat civit London, et Vic com Mid', et nominare et ill sustinuer, ac inde fuer dimissi, ac tres eligere ex seipsis duas person' fore Vic' civit Alderman' senior civit praed' qui diutius in praed', et Com' ejusdem civit, ac Vie' com offic Alderman' civit praed steter', et onus et Midd', ac illas sic nominat et elect' praeficere officium Majorat civit praed' non sustinuer, et constituere Vic civit praed' et com ejusdem fore Justie Dom Regis ad pacem infra civit civitat, et Vic com Midd ac ut Vic civit praed' conservand', ac ad session' pacis et pla- praed et Com ejusdem civit et execution cita coron', scilicet, tal' placita coron', qual et retorn' omnium brevium, billarum, et praeJustic Dom Regis ad pacem conservand as- ceptor Dom' Regis pro administratione jussign' legitime tenere possent infra eand' civitat ticiae infra civit praed', et com' ejusdem civit tenend ac ad omnia felon, riot', rout', et con- exequend', et faciend' quae ad officium Vic venticul illicit infra civit praed' inquirends, faciend' pertinent, ac ad faciend' et exequend audiend', et terminand' superius placitat', idem omnia et singula al' infra civit praed' et com Attorn' die Dom Regis nunc general', qui pro ejusdem civit, quae ad officium Vic faciend eodem Dom' Rege in hac parte sequitur, petit pertinent, ac ut Vic com' Midd' pro eodem alterius licenc' inde inter eloquend' coram Dom com deservitur, ac omnia brevia, billas, et Rege usque octab' sancti Hilarii, et ei conce- praecept Dom Regis infra com' Midd' praed ditur, &c. Idem dies dat' est praefat Majori pro administratione et executione justiciae ibiet Communitat, ac Civibus civitat London dem exequend', et retorn inde faciend' quae praed', &c. Et quoad materiam in lege, unde ad officium Vic faciend' pertinent superius tam praed' Attorn' dic Dom' Regis nunc gene- placitat', necnon quod libertat, privileg, et ral, quam praed Major et Communitas, ac franchis' per ipsos superius clamat, videlicet, Cives civitat praed' posuer' se in judic' eur; Majorem dic' civitat, et hujusmodi Alderman' sed quia cur die Dom' Regis nunc hic de ejusdem civitat', qui officium Majorat civitat judic' suo de et super praemissis reddend' non- illius sustinuer', ac inde fuer dimissi, ac tres dum advisatur, dies inde dat est tam praefat Alderman' sen' civitat praed', qui diutius in Roberto Sawyer Mil', Attorn' dic' Dom Regis officio Alderman' civit praed' steter', et onus nunc general', qui pro eodem Dom Rege in et officium Majorat civit praed non sustihac parte sequitur, quam praed' Major et Com-nuer, fore Justiciat Dom Regis ad pacem munitats, ac Civibus civitat London, &c. coram Dom' Rege in praed' octab sancti Hilar', ubicunque, &c. de judic' suo inde audiend', eo quod cur' Dom' Regis hic nondum, &c.

infra civit praed' conservand', ac ad session' pacis et placita coron', scilicet, tal placita coron', qual Justic Dom' Regis ad pacem conservand assign' legitime tenere possent

"Sir James Smith was an alderman of the city at the time when this judgment was given, in the Quo Warranto; he did not take the oaths prescribed by this statute before the 1st of August, 1689; for which reason he was in point of fact, removed from the office of alderman by those who exercised the functions of the corporation, as it seems, some time before the statute for reversing the judgment. In consequence of that statute, sir James Smith, in 1691, brought a mandamus to be restored.

their franchises in the same manner as if no udgment had been given, or that a new charter conferring either the same or similar privileges had been granted by Charles the second or James the second.-In the 1 W. and M. an act passed, by which it was enacted, that if any person then having any office or employment, civil or military, should neglect or refuse to take the oaths thereby appointed to be taken, in such manner as by that act is di rected, before the 1st of August, 1689, the office or employment of every person so neg"The defendants returned, That sir James lecting or refusing should be void.-In 1690, the statute of 2 W. and M. st. 1, c. 8, was Smith, on the 13th of February, 1688, was made, by which, after reciting among other one of the aldermen of the city of London, to things, That judgment had been given on an that place and office, before that time, duly information in the nature of Quo Warranto, elected and preferred, according to the custom exhibited in the Court of King's-bench against of the said city, and from the said 13th of Fethe mayor and commonalty and citizens of bruary, 1688, to the 1st of August following, the city of London, that the liberty, privilege, remained one of the aldermen; but that at any and franchise of the said mayor and com- time before the said 1st of August he had not monalty and citizens, being a body politic and taken the oaths prescribed by 1 W. and M. but corporate, should be seized into the king's to take the same, before the said 1st of Auhands as forfeited; it is enacted, That the gust, had altogether neglected; whereby, and said judgment, and all and every other judg-by virtue of the said act, the said office became ment given or recorded in the said court, for seizing into the king's hand the liberty, privilege, or franchise of the mayor and commonalty and citizens of the city of London, of being of themselves a body politic and corporate, &c. shall be reversed, annulled, and made

void.'

void; and that the said sir James Smith, at any time after this neglect, was never elected into the office of one of the aldermen ; and therefore they could not restore him.'

"Though, in this return, no notice is taken of the judgment against the city, yet the effect of the latter was made, at first, the principal "This statute abrogates any charters that subject of discussion. The obligation on sir may have been made and granted to any per- James Smith to take the oaths, it was said, Sous constituting the corporation of the city, or depended on the question, Whether he was any of the fraternities within it; but ratifies an alderman at the time when the statute reall proceedings in law or equity under such quiring them was made?' If he was an aldernew charters, indemnifies the persons and man, the defendants had returned a good cause officers acting under them; confirms all leases for not restoring him. If he was not an aldermade under proper restrictions, and the free-man, then he was not bound to take the oaths dom of every person obtained in any of the before the 1st of August, 1689, and consecompanies in the interval between the judg-quently, by virtue of the act for reversing the ment and the reversal; directs that all the an-judgment against the city, he was intitled to nual magistrates then actually in office shall continue till a new election of such annual magistrates, the time for which is appointed by the act; but if no new election should take place at that time, directs that they shall continue till the ordinary and customary time for elections, when all officers and magistrates shall be chosen as usual; and enacts, That all officers and ministers of the said city, that rightfully held any office or place in the said city, or liberties thereof, or in the borough of Southwark, at the time when the said judgment was given, shall be confirmed and shall have and enjoy the same as fully as they held them at the time of the said judgment, except such as have voluntarily surrendered any such office or place, or have been removed for any just cause.' Then it enacts that all persons so to be restored and continued shall take the oaths appointed to be taken by 1 W. and M. next term after such restitution.

"The session of parliament in which the st. 1 W. and M. was passed, began 13th of February, 1688.

reassume the office he had held before that judgment was pronounced. But this question, whether he was an alderman or not, depended on the effect of the judgment: if by that the corporation was dissolved, he was not an alderman at the time when the oaths were to be taken; if the corporation was not dissolved, he was an alderman, and ought to have taken the oaths; not having taken them, he was removed for just cause, and consequently was within the exception of the act for reversing the judgment. But after the case had been argued several times, it was discovered, that no notice being taken of the judgment in the return, the former could not be considered by the Court, and that, had the act for the restitution of the city not been made, the only question would have been on sir James Smith's neglect to take the oaths. But this act being a general law, the Court were bound to take notice of it, which they actually did, and made the question of sir James being an alderman or not, depend not on the effect of the judg ment as really entered on the record, but as

recited in the act.--On the general question, whether a corporation could be dissolved by judgment for a forfeiture, the Court all agreed that it might, though they differed as to the proper form of such a judgment. They all agreed, however, that it was not dissolved by the judgment as recited in the act; which was, That the liberty, franchise, and privilege of the city of London, being a body politic, &c. should be seized.' Here the word of' being omitted before the word being,' the judgment was not against the corporate existence of the city, but against the franchises it enjoyed: and Holt said, That a corporation might subsist after its franchises were taken away; for that these were not essential to it, but only a privilege appertaining to it; that the essence of a corporation was to make by-laws, and govern their members, which they might do though their franchises were seized."" 2 Kyd p.512.

See this Case of sir James Smith in 4 Mod. 52. 1 Show. 263, 274. Carth. 217. Skin.: 293, 310, 312. Holt. 168, 310. 12 Mod. 17. Tremaine, p. 511, gives the Return to the Mandamus as follows:

Mandamus pro Smith.
Respons Majoris et Aldermanor civitat
London infranominat huic brevi patet in
quadam Schedul' huic brevi annex'.

officiu' et locum unius Aldermanor civitať pref
penitus vacuum de venit Quodq; prec Jacobus
Smith ad aliquod tempus post omission et be
glect pred' non fuit elect' in officia' un al-
dermanor civit pred' Et ea de causa nos pre-
fat Major et Aldermani illum pred Jacobu
Smith in locum sive officiu' pred' restituere
non possumus.

Respons' Major Aldermanor et civitat
London.

The Arguments upon this Return are in firs Show. 263, and 4 Mod. 53. It was adjudga a good Return, and the Court would not gra any peremptory Mandamus.

Tremaine also gives, p. 512, the following Return of the Mayor, &c. of London to a Mandamus granted in the Case of sir Jacob Edwards:

Mandamus pro Edwards.

Respons Majoris et Aldermanor citita London infranominat huic brevi paket in quadam Schedul' huic brevi annes'. Nos Major et Aldermani civitat London serenissimis Dom Regi et Dom' Regine n Cur' ipsor Dom' Regis et Dom' Regine cora ipsis Rege et Regina apud W. humillime certi mento ipsor Dom Regis et Dom Regine nu ficamus qd' per quendam Actum in Parke apud Westm' in Com Midd' vicesimo die Martii Anno Regni sui secundo tent' edit et pvis' intitulat An Act for reversing the judg ment in a Quo Warranto against the City of London, and for restoring the City of London to its antient rights and privileges' recitan quei cum quoddam Judiciu' reddit fuisset in Cur de Banco Regis in vel circa Termin' Trin' A°tricesimo quinto Regni nup Regis Caroli secundi sup' quadam informatione in natura brevis Quo Warranto Anglice In the nature of a Que

Nos Major et Alderman' civitat Loudon serenissimis Dom' Regi et Domine Regine Our ipsor Regis et Regine coram ipsis Rege et Regina humillime certificamus quod Jacobus Smith Miles inbrevi huic Schedal annex nominat tertio decimo die Februarii Anno Dom' millesimo sexcentesimo octogesimo octavo fuit un Alderman civit pred ad locum et officius illud secund consuetud civitat' antetunc debite electus et p'fectus Et ab eodem decimo tertio die Febru-Warranto' exhibita in dicta Cur' versus Majoarii Anno Domini millesimo sexcentesimo octogesimo octavo supradicto usque ad primum diem Augusti tuncprox' sequen' sic un Alderman' civit pred remansit sit et continuavit Quodque pred Jacobus Smith tempore ediconis cujusdam Actus fact in Parliamento Dom Regis et Dom Regine nunc tent apud Westm in Com Midd Anno Regni sui primo scilicet 13° die Febr' Anno Regni sui primo Intitulat An act for abrogating of the oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance, and appointing other oaths' et continue extunc usq; pred' primus diem Augiisti Anno Dom' 1689. pred locum et officiu un Aldermanor civit pred' habuit et occupavit Quodq; pred Jacobus Smith ad aliquod tempus ante pred primam diem Augusti Anno Dom millesimo sexcentesimo octogesimo nono supradicto non cepit sacr'a Anglice did not take the oaths' per eundem Actum appunctnat fore capiend sed sacra ill' capere ante pred primus diem Augusti Anno Dom millesimo sexcentesimo octogesimo nono supradicto penitus omisit et neglexit per quod vigore actus p'd pred

rem et communitat ac cives civitat London per quod libertas privileg et franches' dictor Majoris et communitat ac civiu' existen' corporis politici et corporati seisit' essent in manus Regis ut forisfact Et in tantum quod dictum Judicius et process' sup' inde fuerunt et fuissest illegalia et arbitrar Et per eo quod restoratio dictor Majoris et communitatis ac civius antiquis libertatib suis de quibus ipsi de privat fuissent plurimum tendebat paci et bono stabli mento Anglice Settlement hujus Regni per eundem Actum declarat' et inactitat fint autho ritate ejusdem Parliamenti quod dictum Judic redditus in dicta Curs de Banco Regis in dieto Termino Trinitat Anno 35 Regni dicti nap Regis Caroli secundi vel in aliquo alio termi et omne et quodlibet aliud Judiciu' reddit' seu recordat in dicta Cur' per seizand Anglice for seizing in manus dieti nuper Regis libertat privileg vel franches' Majoris et communitat ac civiu civitat London existen' de seipsis corpus corporatum et politicum per nomen Majons et communitat ac civiu' civitat London et per

dem civitat deb'e elect et p'fect fuisset
Quodq; pred' Jacobus Edwards sie un' Alder-
manor civitat pred' ut prefertur existen' post
reddicónem Judic' pred' et ante edicónem
Actus pred"scil't decimo octavo die Octobris
Anno Dom' millesimo sexcentesimo octogesimo
octavo libere et voluntarie sursum reddidit pred
officiu' suu' unius Aldermanor civitat pred
quodq; postea et ante edicón Actus pred
scil't decimo nono die Octobris Anno Dom
millesimo sexcentesimo octogesimo octavo
Quidam Thomas Lane Miles civis et liber
homo civitat pred in pred officiu unius Al-
dermanor civitat pred' in loco pred Jacobi
Edwards deb'o modo secund' consuetud' ejus
dem civitat' elect' et p'fect' fuit et officiu' illud
semp' abinde hucusque exercuit et adhuc exer-
cet et tempore edicónis Actus pred' fuit et
adhuc existit unus Aldermanor civitat' pred
in loco pred' Jacobi Edwards qui officiu' ill' sic
ut prefertur sursum reddidit Quodque pred‹
Jacobus Edwards ad aliquod tempus post
sursum reddition' fact' non fuit elect' in locum
sive officiu unius Aldermanor' civitat pred
Et ea de causa Nos Major et Aldermani civitat
pred predictum Jacobum Edwards in locum
seu officiu' unius Aldermanor civitat pred
restituere non possumus.

Respons Majoris et Aldermanor civitat
London.

llud nomen placitare et implacitari respondere
et responderi vel in quibuscunque modo vel
verbis tale Judiciu' intratum fuisset fuit esset
et per eundem Actum fuit reversat' adnullat' et
vacat' ad omnia intentiones et proposita que-
cunque Et quod vacat Anglice Vucates intra-
rentur sup' Rotulis dicti Judic' per vacatione et
reversatione ejusdem congruent Anglice ac-
cordingly Et ulterius per eundem Actum de-
clarat et inactitat' fuit authoritate pred' quod
Major et communitas ac cives civitat London
valerent et possent imperpetuum extunc postea
remanere continuare et esse et prescribere fore
corpus corporatum et politicum in re facto
et nomine per nomen Majoris communitat et
civiu' civit London Et per ill' nomen et omnia
quelibet al' nomen et nomina incorporationis
per quod vel per que ipsi ad aliquod tempus
ante pred Judiciu incorporat' fuissent sectare
placitare et implacitari respondere et respon-
deri sine aliqua seisura vei adjudicatione An-
glice Forejudger dictor franches' libertat et
privileg vel existen' inde exclus vel amot
Anglice ousted per vel sup' aliquo p'textu ali-
cujus forisfacture vel malegesture Anglice
Misdemeanour ad aliquod tempus antetunc vel
extunc postea fieri committi vel p'mitti Anglice
suffered Et quod dei' Major et communitas ac
cives dicte civitat' valerent et possent ut per
legem debuerunt pacifice habere et gaudere
omnia et singula eor' jura dona chartas con-
cessiones libertates privileg franches' con-
Tremaine likewise gives, p. 514, the follow-
suetud' usuagʻ constitucónes prescripcónes im-ing Mandamus and Return in the Case of sir
munitates mercata deb'a Anglice Duties tolneta between him and Papillon, A. D. 1684, in this
William Pritchard. [See a Report of a Trial
terras ten'ta status et hereditamenta quecunque
que legitime habuissent vel habuissent legale
Collection, infra.]
Jus titulum vel interesse de in vel ad tempus
recordacónis vel reddicónis ejusdem Judic' seu
ad tempus vel tempore dictar p'tensar' foris- Willielmus et Maria Dei Gras Anglie Scotie
facturar Et per eundem Actum ulterius in- Franc et Hibernie Rex et Regina fidei defens',
actitat fuit authoritate pred' qd' omnes officiar &c. Majori et Aldermanis civitat' nostre Lon-
et ministri dicte civitat qui juste Anglice right- don salutem Cum sup' vicesimu' sextum diem
fully tenuissent aliquod officiu' sive locum in Maii Anno Dom millesimo sexcentesimo et
pred civitat vel libertatibus ejusdem vel in nonagesimo aliquis Major Civit London secund
burgo de Southwarke ad tempus quando Ju-provision' in quodam Actu in presenti Parlia-
diciu' pred reddit fuit per eundem Actum
confirmat fuer haberent et gauderent eadem
in tam amplo modo quam ipsi eadem tenuissent
tempore reddicónis Judic' pred' (exceptis talibus
qual voluntarie sursum reddidissent aliquod
hujusmodi officiu' sive locum vel remoti fuissent
pro aliqua justa causa) Et quod quelibet p'sona
que post dictum Judic' redditu elect admiss'
et locat' fuisset in aliquod officiu' sive negotiu
Anglice Employment infra pred civitat sup
mortem sursum reddition' vel amotions Anglice
Removal ut p'fertur prior officiarior esse et
per eundem Actum fuit confirmat in dicto
officio vel negotio suo et haberet et gauderet
eodem in tam pleno et amplo modo quam si
fuisset admiss vel locat' in eodem secundum
antiquas consuetudines dicte civitatis prout per
eundem Actum plenius apparet Quodque in-
franominat Jacobus Edwards tempore reddi-
cónis Judic' pred' fuit unus Aldermanor' pred
Civitats London Ad quod quidem officiu et
locum ipse antetunc secund' consuetud ejus-

VOL. VIII.

Mandumus pro PRITCHARD.

mento inchoat' et tent apud Westm' in Com
nostro Midd' vicesimo die Martii Anno Regni
nostri secundo intitulat An Act for reversing
the Judgment in a Quo Warranto against the
City of London, and for restoring the City of
London to its ancient Rights and Privileges,'
edit et p'vis non fuit elect Cumq; etiam
Willielmus Pritchard Miles tempore quo Judic
sup information' in natura de Quo Warranto
exhibit in Cur Dom Regis Caroli secund
nup' Regis Angl', &c. coram ipso nup' Rege
Et in pred Actu Parliament' mentionat
reddit fuit scilts Term Sancte Trin' Anno
Regni dei Dom' nostri Caroli secund' nuper
Regis Anglie, &c. tricesimo quinto fuit
Major civit London pred secund' con-
suetud civit pred' debite elect' et p'fect' Cum-
que etiam idem Willielmus Pritchard in de-
fectu election' Majoris civit London' pred' vice-
simo sexto die Maii Anno Dom' 1690 existen
ut p'fertur Major civit pred tempore reddi-
cónis Judic pred Virtute pred Actus Parlia-

4 R