Besides the University library, (see German MS.) there are also in connection with this University, a botanical garden, astronomical observatory, extensive collections in natural history, together with the (hitherto independent) chirurgical academy, with four professors, two tutors, and about 200 students, which from the present year may be considered as in a certain respect an appendix to it.31

II. SORO ACADEMY.

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This establishment owes its origin to a Cistercian cloister, founded by the celebrated Archbishop Absalon's family, and enlarged by himself, (1151-61.)

After the introduction of the Reformation, (1536) the monks for the time being were permitted to remain there till their death, after which the property devolved to the crown, and continued from 1536 to be appropriated to the support of a classical school. To this the celebrated king Christian the 4th, (James I., Christian's brother in law,) annexed from the year 1623 an academy where the young nobility might receive an education answering to their station, and the powerful influence on the concerns of the kingdom to which it at that time gave them access.

The establishment was supplied by the king with considerable grants of the secularized property of the cloisters, while his mother also aided it with money, and it had for a short time many pupils, notwithstanding it seems that the king's design of diminishing the disposition of the nobles to seek their education in foreign lands, and France in particular, was not fully realized. Under his successor, Frederick III., however, the habit began to be less frequent, and as the greatest part of the country during an unfortunate war with Sweden, had long been in the power of the enemy, the institution was necessarily broken up (1665) from want of funds.

The academy indeed was again established in the year 1747 by king Frederick V., and enriched by the celebrated writer, Ludo. Holberg, who bestowed upon it his estates and a considerable capital; but an academy for the Danish nobility, at a time when it was devoid of all influence, and destitute of any internal vigor or strength, was an untimely abortion, and could not thrive.

In vain an attempt was made to help it forward, and fol

low the spirit of the times by opening it from 1783 to the people at large; it was less and less frequented, and towards the end of the century came to a complete stand.

At last the buildings and library were destroyed by fire in 1813. Meanwhile it ought to be mentioned that some of the professors of the academy in this period did important service to the national literature, which was neglected in Copenhagen, through the rage for what was foreign, and in this respect they were worthy followers of Holberg, with whom our literature, at least its proasic, proper and independent developement may be said to begin.

The property of the academy, which (consisting in part of legacies) could not be diverted to any other channel, was at the same time so great, (compared with that of the Copenhagen University, being as 4 to 3,) that exertions were soon made to reestablish it. It now, (since the year 1822,) consists of a philosophical faculty, combined with one of the best classical schools in the kingdom, where students on leaving school, and before proceeding to the metropolitan University to be educated for a particular profession, acquire a more general literary education, which is by no means as much confined to the classics as the parallel course in Copenhagen, but pays much more regard to modern languages and literature, English in particular.

The academy has at the present time twelve professors, and some teachers in music, arithmetic, gymnastics, &c. but the number (exclusive of course of the school, which is numerously attended,) has not as yet exceeded twenty, and it will scarcely succeed in conferring any considerable benefit on the country without a total reform of its present system, which is an unfortunate attempt at combining the traditional scholastic education with the more modern European system.

The library and collections are as yet of no considerable extent, though perfectly adequate to the more immediate design of the institution.

III. Of public classical, or so called Latin schools, which are much of the same kind as what we call gymnasia in Germany, and which on the whole are in good condition, there are in the islands of the kingdom twelve, and in Jutland seven; there are in addition to these, especially in the metropolis, various private establishments of the same kind, very numerously attended.

IV. It may be further remarked, that Iceland has a Latin school in Bessestad, which is connected with a theological seminary where a part of the clergy of the island are educated, while the rest, as well as those who design themselves for the legal and medical professions, proceed from schools in the island direct to the University in Copenhagen, where they are particularly favored in respect of public support. This establishment has a theological professor, and three other tutors.

Amongst the other institutions for acquiring a higher order of attainments in a line of study not strictly classical, we may mention,

1. The Polytechnic Institution, established 1829, with six professors and three tutors, where by means of instructions in mathematics, physics, chemistry, technology, &c. as well as by all kinds of practical exercises, an attempt is made to afford the people a comprehensive education in arts and industry, which may fit them to establish or superintend all kinds of manufactories.

2. The Academy for the Fine Arts in Copenhagen, instituted 1754, by king Frederick V. This operates as a society for the encouragement of arts; for instance, by a yearly exhibition of the works of members and others, which are judged of any worth, (as specimens of their respective arts, &c.) and likewise as a school for the arts.

In addition to six of the ordinary members of the academy, the establishment has four other professors, (in anatomy, perspective, mathematics, mythology and the history of the arts,) and besides, eleven tutors, particularly in drawing. Amongst the most celebrated of its pupils we may mention Juul, Abildsgaard, and THORVALDSEN, at present the first sculptor in Europe.

The academy has likewise by its drawing school, which is attended by about 500 pupils, contributed towards spreading amongst mechanics an improved taste, and an accuracy in the finish of their works.

The resources of the academy are small, and its income consists chiefly of a sum paid yearly out of the state purse. It possesses a collection of antiques in plaster of Paris, as well as some paintings. The king has permitted it to be kept in one of his palaces.

3. "Real" Schools.* Of these there are but few, and those private; the government has lately given orders for the establishment of two public ones.

4. For the education of officers, there are two military schools: the Land Cadet Academy, and the Sea Cadet Academy, from which the pupils pass directly into the army or navy as officers; and the Military High School, in which individuals from among the younger officers, who have distinguished themselves by their diligence and ability, acquire a higher cultivation with a view to their special destination, to serve hereafter on the general's staff.

REMARKS.

1 Hartkorn is a mode of measurement, in which the consideration of the quality of the land is combined with that of the quantity. According to this, all landed property in Denmark Proper is valued. The word hartkorn signifies clean or winnowed corn, the land being estimated according to the quantity of clean corn, which, in proportion to the quality of the land, it should have to pay in tax to the king. As the University has such considerable funds, it has, in place of the University buildings, which were for the most part burnt down by the bombardment of 1807, erected a new one at its own expense, (about 180,000 Rbd.) which was formally opened in 1836, and is an ornament to the city.

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It is without doubt something quite peculiar to the Copenhagen University, and at the same time characteristic of the feeling prevailing between the government and the students, that these not only in 1801 and 1807 as a special corps, carried arms in the defence of the metropolis, but also since that time continue as a corps, (the king's own select corps,) and yearly exercise themselves in arms.

The academy got in the year 1827, a beautiful new

*By "Real" Schools, are ment those which are designed for young men, who, without being specifically literary characters, should in general society stand on the same footing with these in respect of general esteem and information, only that this information shall be of a modern and European character, (i. e. modern languages, the natural sciences, &c.) It is requested that these may not be confounded with the ordinary schools for the people at large, of which there are so many that every child in the country that attends no higher establishment, receives in them the necessary instruction in religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, &c.

building, in which there are not only apartments for instruction and for public occasions, but also for the household establishment, where nearly all the pupils of the school, (which is not the case in any of the other schools of the country,) are likewise pensioners, lodged, supported, &c. The professors also have, nearly all of them, official apartments either in the academy itself, or in places appointed for that purpose, and houses belonging to the establishment.

The books referring to the foregoing subjects are:-" Nyerups Skildring af Danmarks ældre og nyere Tilstand," Description of the Ancient and Modern state of Denmark; "Thaarups det drnske Monarkies Statistik, &c." Statistics of the Danish Monarchy.

Nothing at all is here said of the Dutchies of Holstein, Lauenburg, and Sleswick, as the two first are parts of Germany which have only a common king with Denmark. The last, though Danish, yet in respect of language, cultivation, and educational establishments, more resembles Holstein.

ART. V.-HISTORY OF ETON COLLEGE.

THIS splendid establishment for the instruction of youth, is situate at Eton, in the hundred of Stoke, and deanery of Burnham, in the county of Buckingham, and is separated from Windsor, in Berkshire, by the river Thames.

Eton College was founded by King Henry the Sixth, in the year 1440, by the name of the Blessed Marie of Etone beside Wyndesore.

The charters of foundation were dated at Wyndesore, September 12, A. D. 1431; a second at Shene, October 21, in the same year; and a third, de donatione, March, 25, 1442, by which the royal Founder, for the sufficient maintenance of the college, and for the perpetual endowment of the same, granted and confirmed to the provost and college, divers donations, as in the said charter are particularly set forth and declared.

By the second charter, dated at Shene, are appointed one Provost, ten Priests or Fellows, four Clerks, six Choristers, one Master, and twentyfive Scholars. This establishment