by the Waverley station we catch a glimpse of Holyrood on the right, and reach Portobello (3 miles), a favourite bathing-place.

(Here a branch line goes off to Musselburgh, 6 miles from the junction, alsó a fashionable bathing-place, possessing an extensive range of sands called Links, where horse-races and other sports are carried on. It contains a statue in memory of Dr. Moir, the poet. Here the Covenanters assembled in 1638 to meet the Marquis of Hamilton, who represented Charles I.; and here Cromwell encamped previous to his retreat to Dunbar, where he afterwards gained a decisive victory. Near Musselburgh is Pinkie House, the residence of Sir Archibald Hope, formerly a seat of the Abbot of Dunfermline.)

We next pass INVERESK (6) miles), near which is the battlefield of Pinkie, where the Scots were defeated by the English in 1547; Carberry Hill, where Queen Mary gave herself up to the rebels in 1567; and arrive at PRESTON PANS (10 miles), or Prieststown,

formerly in the possession of the monks of Newbattle, and deriving its name from the pans in which the priests used to manufacture salt. Here was fought, in 1745, the famous battle in which Prince Charles Edward defeated Sir John Cope. Near the station, on the right, are the remains of Bankton House, once the residence of Colonel Gardiner, who fell in that battle. On the left is Preston Tower, an ancient stronghold of the Earls of Home.

(There is a branch line, from Preston Pans, leading, on the right, to Tranent, a mining village. Here is an educational establishment called Stiel's Hospital, conducted on the same principle as Heriot's Hospital.)

We now reach Longniddry (13) miles), and see, on the right, Seaton House, built on the site of the ancient royal palace, of which the ruins of the chapel are the sole remains, and on the left, near the Firth of Forth, Gosford House, the residence of the Earl of Wemyss.

(A branch goes to Haddington, 4 miles distant, once a town of great importance, founded by David I. The parish church is joined to the ruins of an old Franciscan abbey, called on account of its beauty, "The Light of Lothian," in which is the mausoleum of the Earls of Lauderdale. The neighbouring village of Abbey contains the remains of an abbey founded in 1178, where the Scottish Parliament assembled to ratify the contract of marriage between Queen Mary and the Dauphin of France. Gifford, the birthplace of John Knox is 4 miles distant towards the south-east.)

At Drem (17 miles) there is a branch of 5 miles to North Berwick, a pleasant watering-place, near which are the interesting ruins of Tantallon Castle.

Passing East Linton (23} miles) we arrive at DUNBAR (29 miles). (Hotels: St. George, Railway.) Population 3,516. Here a large fishery trade is carried on, especially in the herring season. The ruins of the Grey Friars monastery are seen near the town. In the neighbourhood are many fine country seats. At Cockburn's Path (36) miles), is the ancient castle supposed to be the original of Ravenswood of "The Bride of Lammermoor." Proceeding on our way we pass Grant's House (41 miles), Preston Junction (46 miles), (where there is a branch to Dunse, Greenlow and St. Boswell's), AYTOUN (50 miles), where we see the ruins of the old castle, and passing on the left Lamberton, about 3 miles from our destination, famed like Gretna Green for its runaway marriages, we arrive at BERWICKON-TWEED.

(For description of Berwick, see Route 36).

ROUTE 28.

EDINBURGH TO CARLISLE. (By Waverley Route.)

98 miles; 1st class, 17s.; 2nd class, 12s. 8d.

EAVING Edinburgh from the Waverley Bridge Station, we proceed by the North British Railway to Portobello (3 miles), and there, entering upon the Waverley Route," we pass MILLERHILL (64 miles), leaving, on the right, the remains of Craigmiller Castle, where James V. was imprisoned, and where Queen Mary frequently resided. Beyond ESKBANK (8 miles), a branch

turns off to Peebles, and rejoins the main line at GALASHIELS. Near Dalhousie (9 miles), we cross the South Esk, and observe, to the left, Newbattle Abbey, and on the right, Dalhousie Castle. Passing Gore, bridge (12 miles), we see Crichton Castle on the left, and a short distance on the right, after leaving Fushiebridge (12 miles), is Borthwick Castle. We then cross Tyne Water, near Tynehead (16 miles), and pass, on the right, the eastern extremity of the Moorfoot Hills. Our way now lies for a considerable distance by the side of the Gala Water. We pass Heriot (194 miles), and Fountainhall (22) miles), and reach Srow (36 miles). This was once the residence of the Bishops of St. Andrew. Some distance on the left is Thirlestane Castle. Passing Bowland (29 miles), we arrive soon afterwards at GALASHIELS (33 miles), where a considerable trade is carried on in woollens. (There is a branch from hence to Selkirk (64 miles). We are now in close proximity to ABBOTSFOrd. We next pass MELROSE, and observe the ruins of its celebrated Abbey on the left. (See Route 26.) The next station is ST. BOSWELL'S (404 miles), the junction for Kelso, Dunse, and Jedburgh. (The distance to KELSO is 11 miles. Population, 4,500. It is beautifully situated on the Tweed opposite the junction of the Teviot. Its chief ornament is the Abbey, now in ruins. It was founded by David I. in 1128. The architecture is Saxon, with a mixture of Gothic; the central tower is 90 feet high. At RoxBURGH STATION, 8 miles from St. Boswell's, on the way to Kelso, a branch road extends to JEDBUrgh, which is 7 miles from the junction. This town has a population of about 5,500. It was one of the

most noted of the border towns. There are no remains of its castle. THE ABBEY, a large and once magnificent structure, in the form of a cross, was founded by David I. Part of it has been fitted up as a Parish Church. In the lower part of the town is shown a mansion, where Queen Mary was detained by illness for several weeks; her illness having been the consequence of her ride on horseback from Jedburgh to Hermitage Castle 18 miles distant, and back on the same day. She went to visit Bothwell, who was ill.) Leaving Belses (454 miles), we reach Hassendean or Hazeldean (48 miles), renowned by the old song of "Jock o' Hazeldean." On the left is Minto Castle, and the hill called Rubers Law. Shortly after passing HAWICK (53 miles), celebrated for its woollen manufactures, we see, on the right, Brank

some Castle, mentioned in the "Lay of the Last Minstrel." "Nine-and-twenty knights of fame Hung their shields in Branksome Hall." At Stobs (50 miles), we pass, on the left, Stobs Castle, and proceed to Riccarton Junction (66 miles), where the Border Counties Railway turns off to the left for Newcastle. Here we enter Liddesdale, and soon afterwards pass on the right, near Steele Road (694 miles), Hermitage Castle, the property of the Duke of Buccleuch. Queen Mary paid a visit to the Earl of Bothwell when he was owner of this castle. Passing New Castleton (74 miles), we enter England at Kershope Foot (77 miles). Passing some unimportant stations, we join the Carlisle and Dumfries Railway near Longtown (88% miles), and, 9 miles further, arrive at CARLISLE. (See Route 29).

NGLAND (including the Principality of Wales), the southern and most considerable division of Great Britain, is bounded on the north by Scotland, on the south by the English Channel, on the east by the German Ocean, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea (St. George's Channel). It extends 425 miles from Berwick-on-Tweed to the Land's End, and varies in breadth from 62 to 360 miles, comprising

(Route to Rotterdam).

46. LONDON TO CANTERBURY

AND DOVER

183

187

188

192

195

196

47. LONDON TO FOLKESTONE 199 48. LONDON TO ST. LEO

NARDS AND HASTINGS 199 49. LONDON TO BRIGHTON AND NEWHAVEN. 200

an area of 58,320 square miles. The principal openings on the east are the Humber, the Wash, and the estuary of the Thames; on the west, the Bristol Channel, Swansea and Carmarthen Bays, Milford Bay, Bride's Bay, Cardigan Bay, and St. George's Channel, with the estuaries of the Dee, Mersey, Morecombe Bay, and the Solway Firth; on the south, Southampton Water, Torbay, Plymouth Sound, Falmouth Harbour, and Mount's Bay. Capes: Flamborough Head, Spurn Point, the Naze, Foul

ness, North and South Forelands, Beachy Head, Dungeness, the Needles, Portland Point, Lizard Point, Land's End, Worm's Head, St. David's Head, Great Orme's Head, and St. Bees Head. Iɛlands: Holy Island, Lundy, Man, Sheppey, Scilly Isles, Walney, and Wight. It is divided into 52 Counties, of which 40 belong to England proper, viz.: Bedford, Berks, Bucks, Cambridge, Chester, Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucester, Hants, Hereford, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Nottingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop, Somerset, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, Westmoreland, Wilts, Worcester, and York. The last is divided into the North, East, and West Ridings. The 12 Counties of Wales are Anglesey, Brecknock, Caermarthen, Caernarvon, Denby, Flint, Glamorgan, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke, and Radnor. The aspect of the country is delightful, presenting all that beautiful variety which is to be found in the most extensive tracts of the globe. Though possessing dreary scenes, lofty mountains, craggy rocks, bleak barren moors, and wild uncultivated heaths; few countries have a smaller proportion of land absolutely sterile and incapable of cultivation. The richest parts, generally speaking, are the midland and southern. Towards the north, it partakes, to a great degree, of the barrenness of the neighbouring portion of Scotland. The east coast is, in many parts, sandy and marshy. A range of rugged and elevated land extends from the borders of Scotland to the heart of England, forming a natural division between

the east and west sides of the kingdom. Cornwall is also a rough, hilly tract; and some of the adjacent counties are of a similar character. The mountains of England are divided into the Northern, the Cambrian, and the Devonian. The first consists of the Pennine range and the Cumbrian group; the former extending from the Cheviot Hills on the Scottish borders, to the middle of Derbyshire. In this range is Cross Fell, nearly 3000 ft. above the level of the sea, and the Peak, in Derbyshire, 1800 ft. The Cumbrian group lies to the west of the Pennine, being separated from it by the valleys of the Eden and the Lune. In it are, Scaw Fell, the highest mountain in England, being 3,166 ft. high, Helvellyn and Skiddaw, both upwards of 3,000 ft. The Cumbrian range extends throughout nearly the whole of Wales; the principal mountains being Snowdon, 3,571 ft., Cader Idris ("Arthur's Seat") 2,900 ft., and Plinlimmon, 2,500 ft. The Devonian range includes the hills of Devon, Cornwall, and part of Somersetshire; none are of great elevation. Of the rivers, the principal are the Thames, Severn, Medway, Trent, Ouse, Tyne, Tees, Wear, Mersey, Dee, Avon, Eden, Derwent, Wye, and Conway. In connection with many of these, is a system of canal navigation, by which, together with the network of railways, traffic is carried on from one part of the country to another. The most remarkable lakes are Windermere, Ullswater, Derwentwater, with many others, in Cumberland and Westmoreland for the most part. Windermere, the largest, only extends over about 3 square miles; but, like the others, it is distinguished for the beautiful scenery withwhich it is surrounded.