modious harbour, of easy access, protected by two piers of substantial masonry.] The principal stations beyond York, before arriving at Darlington (2354 miles), are Thirsk (213} miles), and Northallerton (221 miles). In the latter parish is the Standard Hill, where the great "battle of the Standard" was fought between the English and Scots in 1138, when the latter were routed with a loss of 11,000 men. From Darlington, where several lines converge, the tourist, if he please, may stop at Leamside Junction, on the way to Newcastle-on-Tyne, and pay a visit to DURHAM (261 miles. Hotel: County), capital of the county of that name, a bishop's see, the seat of a university, and a very ancient city, with a cathedral, esteemed one of the most magnificent in England, which forms a conspicuous object in the landscape for many miles. The larger portion is Norman, with additions in all the later styles of Gothic. The castle, founded by William the Conqueror, is also Norman, and is now in the possession of the University. The Magdalene Chapel, and the Dormitory of the ancient Monastery of Durham, should be visited. Leaving Darlington, we proceed through a bleak country, noticing on our right, near Fence Houses (260 miles), a monument to the memory of the late Earl of Durham, and soon afterwards reach NEWCASTLE ON TYNE (2754 miles), (Hotels: County, Turk's Head), population, 109,108. The chief town of Northumberland, and the oldest and principal shipowning and coal-exporting market of the district; the seat also of important manufactures, as locomotives, steam engines, chemicals, &c., and of iron furnaces and foundries. Trade is carried on from this place with every part of the world. Glass manufacture, for which this place was once famous, has been transferred of late years, to the adjoining district on the Wear. The great feature of Newcastle is the High Level Bridge, a work of Robert Stephenson, connecting it with Gateshead and the railways on the opposite side of the Tyne. It is 1,375 ft. long between the triumphal arches, 32 ft. wide, and has 512 ft. waterway. The roadway is 86 ft. above high water. It is supported by six massive stone piers, 125 ft. apart; 5,050 tons of iron were used in its construction, and its total cost was nearly 235,000l. It is a double bridge, consisting of two roadways, one 25 ft. above the other, the lower being for carriages, foot-passengers, &c.; the upper carrying three lines of rails. The church of St. Nicholas is ancient. The Exchange a large Ionic building, which includes the Guildhall and Merchants' Court; there are also many other public buildings. The castle from which it takes its name is still standing, and the restored chapel is used as a museum for the interesting Roman and other antiquities found here. It was built by Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror. Between Newcastle and Berwick, at a short distance from the main line, is Alnwick Castle, the magnificent seat of the Percy family from about 1300 to the present time. It was formerly a very important border fortress; it is now celebrated as one of the grandest and most perfect feudal dwellings in the kingdom, very large sums having been spent upon its restor ration by its recent possessors. The Castle covers 5 acres of land, and the grounds around it are very extensive, containing the ruins of two ancient Abbeys. Malcolm King of Scotland, and his son, Prince Edward, were killed in 1094; and William the Lion was taken prisoner here in 1174, whilst besieging this Castle. The internal decorations are very splendid. In the town still remains a tower, with a gateway, called the Bondgate, having been formerly used as a prison. There is a branch to Alnwick (Hotel: White Swan), from Bilton (309 miles). Six miles from Alnwick are the noble ruins of Warkworth Castle, also the property of the Duke of Northumberland; and at about half a mile distant is the celebrated hermitage hewn out of the rock, the subject of one of Dr. Percy's ballads. It is said to have been inhabited by one of the Bertrams of Bothal, in penitence for the murder of his brother. Near Lucker (324 miles), about 3 miles distant on the right, are the remains of Bamborough Castle, recently restored, standing by the sea shore on a rock 150 ft. high. It was a Saxon fortress, built in the 7th century. It was near this point that the heroine Grace Darling risked her life by assisting her father to save the crew of the 66 Forfarshire." We pass close to the sea, and near Belford (327 miles), we see Holy Isle, with the ruined abbey and castle of Lindisfarne, alluded to in Sir Walter Scott's "Marmion." We next reach BERWICK UPON TWEED (342 miles), (Hotels: Red Lion, King's Arms), population estimated at 13,265. From the situation of this town on the extreme northern limit of England, and its importance as a fortress in the feudal ages, it possesses a curious history of its own, forming, as it did, an object of contention between the rival powers of Scotland and England for ages, and through violence, treaty, or treachery, constantly changing the mastery of the one for that of the other. The temporary possessors invariably confirmed to the inhabitants their laws and privileges; and, from long usage, they seem to have been equally indifferent to the supremacy of either. The memory of this state of things has been perpetuated to our own times by the preservation of a separate jurisdiction, and the recognition of the neutral character of the locality, by its invariable mention in proclamations, acts of parliament, &c., after the enumeration of more important divisions of the empire, as the "Town of Berwick upon Tweed." A considerable portion of the old walls, one of the towers, and some of the gates still remain, but are of course useless for defensive purposes. It was anciently the principal port of Scotland, but the absence of docks, the shifting character of the sands of the estuary, and the increased size of shipping, have driven its trade to more commodious localities. The Tweed has been renowned for the productiveness of its salmon fisheries for centuries; and this fish, preserved in different ways, long formed its principal export; it is now simply packed in ice. The Royal Border Bridge, which carries the railway across the Tweed, about half a mile above the old bridge, is a striking feature in the landscape. The district is conspicuous in the statistical returns for its freedom from crime. (Edinburgh to Berwick on Tweed, see Route 27). ROUTE 37. LONDON TO CARLISLE AND GLASGOW. 406 miles; First class, 70s. ; Second class, 51s.; Third class, 33s. (From London to Crewe 158 miles, see Route 32.) N leaving Crewe, we see on the right Bond Hill and Mow Cop, two of the highest hills in Staffordshire, the latter rising to an elevation of 109 ft. After passing Minshull Vernon (1623 miles) we see, on the left, the Cheshire Hills and the mountains of Wales; and, on a clear day, the view extends to those of Derbyshire. We next reach WINSFORD (165 miles), celebrated for its saltworks, and, shortly afterwards, HARTFORD (1693 miles), near which is Northwich also distinguished for its saltworks. Between these places we cross the valley called Vale Royal, one of the most beautiful in the kingdom, in which we observe the fine mansion and grounds belonging to Lord Delamere. Leaving Acton (172 miles) we traverse a fine viaduct, called Dutton Viaduct, of 20 arches, nearly a quarter of a mile in length. At Preston Brook (176 miles) is the point of intersection between the Grand Junction and Bridgewater Canals. Near Moore (1794 miles) we cross the River Mersey over a viaduct of 12 arches, and obtain a view of a beautiful valley richly cultivated, and studded here and there with farm-houses and country seats. We then reach Warrington (1824 miles) (see Route 31), and Wigan (1954 miles). For the stations and places of interest between this place and Carlisle, see Route 29; for those between Carlisle and Glasgow, see Route 13. ROUTE 38. LONDON TO BRISTOL AND SOUTH WALES. 1181 miles; first class, 20s. 10d.; second, 15s. 8d. (From London to Slough 18 miles; see Route 34). FTER leaving Slough, and passing Maidenhead (224 miles), the course of the railway, for a considerable distance, is nearly parallel with that of the Thames, which affords pretty glimpses of villa residences and seats on its banks and the sides of the hills which bound its valley. The first place of any importance is READING (36 miles), the county town of Berkshire, population, 25,045. A pleasant, but irregularly built town, situated just above the junction of the Kennet and the Thames, and partly between them. It is a place of considerable_traffic, as the Hungerford and Devizes branch, the Reading and Guildford, and two branches of the London and South-Western lines converge here and join the Great Western main line. WANTAGE (60 miles) was a place of importance during the Anglo-Saxon period, and the birthplace of King Alfred the Great. Bishop Butler, author of "The Analogy of Religion," &c., was also born here. At a short distance, on the left, is Uffington Castle, an earthwork attributed to the ancient Britons. Near it is the figure of a white horse, cut out from the side of the chalk-hill. From this figure the valley is called the Vale of White Horse. From SWINDON (77 miles) a branch goes to CHELTENHAM. The prin cipal stations between Swindon and Bath are Wootton-Bassett (82 miles) and Chippenham (93 miles), both of which are now unimportant places. The former sent two members to Par liament, until disfranchised by the Reform Bill; the latter was a seat of the Kings of Wessex, and is mentioned by ancient chroniclers as the scene of important events in the wars between the Saxons and Danes. Near Corsham (984 miles) is Corsham Court, the seat of Lord Methuen, celebrated for its collection of pictures. Near Box (1013 miles) we enter the Box Tunnel, cut, for a great part of its length, through the great oolite limestone, in such a manner as to require no support from casing. Its width and height are about thirty ft., and its length very nearly two miles. BATH (106 miles). (Hotels: Amery's, York House, White Hart, White Lion), population 52,528. This is the most ancient wateringplace, in the modern acceptation of the term, in England. The waters of Bath are traditionally said to owe the discovery of their wondrous qualities to Bladud, an ancient British King, who was suffering from a cutaneous disorder, and who chanced to notice their curative effects upon a herd of swine, which appeared to be similarly affected. The spot was, of course, at that time, a waste, destitute of inhabitants, but the identical spring is said to be that over which a bath-room is erected, in which a statute of King Bladud stands, with an inscription to his honour. Certain it is, that Bath was a Roman station, and that the qualities of its waters were in repute with the Romans, as they called it Aqua Solis or Aqua Calida. From the extent and character of the remains found here, they must have built a large city, with fine temples, extensive baths, and other public buildings. Two of their great military roads -the Fosseway, extending from the coast of Devonshire, to the north coast of Lincolnshire, and the great road from London to Wales, called by Romans and Saxons respectively, Via Julia and Akeman Street-passed through it. No other city in England, it is said, can produce such a collection of local Roman remains as those now deposited in the Museum of the Bath Literary and Scientific Association. The city was strongly fortified. For about 150 years after the retirement of the Romans, it remained in the possession of the British inhabitants, who were driven out of it by the Saxons, only after much fighting and the reduction of the city to ruins. The name given to it by the Saxons was Akeman Ceaster -the town or castle of invalids. It is at present, from its situation and the elegance of its buildings, one of the most beautiful cities in England. The views from Lansdown, the highest ground in the neighbourhood, at an elevation of 813 ft. above the sea, overlooking the amphitheatrically formed area, in which the old town is situated, are of great extent and beauty. The principal building is the Abbey Church, which is of rather late date, having been commenced in 1503 and completed in 1539. It contains monumental works by the famous sculptors Bacon, Flaxman, Nollekens, and Chantrey. There are charitable institutions of various dates, one of which goes back as far as 1180, for the benefit of the sick poor, who resort to Bath for the benefit of its waters. Victoria Park was opened by the Queen, then Princess Victoria, in 1830. Beckford's Tower, built by the author of "Vathek," and once celebrated for the costly collection of objects of art and literature which it contained, is now used as a chapel for Lansdown cemetery. A journey of about 20 minutes brings us to BRISTOL (118 miles), (Hotels: White Lion, Bath, Royal), population, 154,093. Before Liverpool attained its present importance, this city ranked second to London alone. Like Bath, it was a Roman station, and rose into significance as a sea-port under the Saxons, being at the time of the Conquest, and subsequently, notorious for its importation of slaves to Ireland. It was formerly strongly fortified, and has played an important part in English history. It has always been distinguished for its maritime enterprise. Sebastian Cabot was born here, and hence, in 1497, he sailed with his father upon his voyage of disNewfoundland was cocovery. lonized from this place, and its merchants have been, for generations, amongst the largest proprietors of estates in the West Indies. The docks, which were opened in 1809, are formed by converting the beds of the Avon, and a branch of the Frome, which here unites with it, into a floating basin, accommodating the largest ships, which ascend the river on the tide; the surplus waters of the Avon being diverted into a new channel prepared for them. The Great Western and the Great Britain, the precursors of the existing fleets of ocean steamers, and the finest specimens of naval architecture of their day, were built here. Besides the West Indian trade, it has an extensive commerce with Newfoundland, West Africa, and in corn and timber; it has also a very large coasting trade. It has considerable manufactories of glass, earthenware, anchors and chains, and floor-cloths, and large shipbuilding establishments. Regular steamers run to all the ports of the Bristol channel, Waterford, Wexford, Dublin, Belfast, Glasgow, Liverpool, Ilfracombe, and other places. The inhabitants are proud, and with good reason, of their public buildings and institutions, the more ancient of which are in better preservation than most of those of equal age in other places. The CATHEDRAL, the old Church of the Abbey of St. Augustine, is a grand Gothic edifice, founded by Robert Fitzhardinge in 1140, containing many tombs and effigies of his descendants, with many other interesting monuments. Lord Fitzhardinge, the noble owner of Berkeley Castle and its vast estates, which have come to him in unbroken succession from the above, is his chief existing representative. At the west end of the Cathedral, is a beautiful ancient gateway, and the Chapter-House of the Norman period, restored of late years, is particularly worthy of inspection. There are modern monuments to Sterne's "Eliza," Mrs. Draper; and to Lady Hesketh, Cowper's friend, by Bacon; to Southey, by Baily; and a fine figure of Faith, by Chantrey. Not so ancient, but a magnificent building, is the Church of St. Mary Redcliffe, on Redcliffe Hill, styled by Camden "the first Parish Church in England." It is interesting in modern times from its connection with Chatterton, who calls it "the pride and glory of the Western londe." It was amongst the muniments of this church that he professed to have found the poems which he published as Rowley's. In the churchyard is a columnar monument to his memory, erected by |