of Bellevue. There is a pleasing combination of shady walks, green lawns, miniature lakes and gardens. In it is the statue of Frederick William III., before described, and at the western extremity is the ZoOLOGICAL GARDEN. The latter was established in 1844 by a private company, and was augmented by the Royal Menagerie from Potsdam.

KROLL'S GARDEN, on the right of the avenue, is a place greatly frequented by the middle classes of Berlin. It contains a theatre, concert room, &c.

The origin of Berlin is not known with certainty, its ancient archives having been burnt in the fourteenth century. The recorded dates go no further back than the twelfth century. In 1132 it was a little fishing village; in 1250 it was made a city; in 1300 it was surrounded by a wall; somewhat later it became a member of the Hanseatic League. After the accession of the burgraves of Hohenzollern, during the fifteenth century, it frequently carried on war against its sovereigns. It was conquered by the Elector Frederick II., who built a castle of which the remains may be seen about the existing Palace. In 1495 the Elector Joachim II. transferred his residence from Spandau to Berlin. In 1539 the Reformation was introduced there. During the Thirty Years' War the city fell into decay.

The

Great Elector restored and embellished it; he invited the Protestant refugees from France to settle there, and they were the chief authors of its commercial and manufacturing prosperity.

Under King Frederick I. numerous public buildings were constructed, and from that time every sovereign of Prussia has done something to improve and em

bellish it. During the Seven Years' War the Austrians and Russians occupied it. Frederick the Great encouraged building, and large additions to the city were made in his time. After the battle of Jena the French took possession of it until 1809. Between 1813 and 1815, 22,000 of its citizens fell in battle. After the Peace the work of improvement was recommenced on a large scale. Most of the public buildings and monuments now existing were constructed in the reign of Frederick William III. and his immediate successor. The political history of Berlin is naturally involved in that of Prussia. We need only specify the sanguinary insurrection of 1848, which failed to overthrow the sovereign power. Berlin is the birthplace of many renowned men; amongst others, Frederick the Great, the poet Tieck, the brothers Humboldt, the composer Meyerbeer, &c.

CHARLOTTENBURG, a town of about 12,000 inhabitants, is situated on the left bank of the Sprée, about three miles from Berlin, at the western extremity of the Thiergarten. This town owes its origin to a village called Lietzow, where the Queen Sophia Charlotte had a palace built in 1696. Since that time many citizens of Berlin have been accustomed to reside there during the summer months. The Palace is at the western extremity of the town. It was constructed after the designs of Schluter. It consists of a central pavilion, with a handsome cupola and two wings. The Mausoleum, in the grounds, contains the remains of Frederick

William III, and of the Queen Louise. It is in the form of a temple in the Doric style. In the interior are the sarcophagi of the king and queen, with their recumbent figures, made of Carrara

marble, the master- pieces of Rauch. On each side are candelabra in white marble, one adorned with a group representing the Fates, by Rauch, the other with a group by Tieck, representing the Hours.

POTSDAM, "the Versailles of Prussia," is situated on a penin sula formed by two arms of the Havel, about 15 miles from Berlin. (Trains from Berlin to Potsdam, six times a day, in 45 minutes.) It is the second royal residence, and was founded by the great elector, though it owes its nagnificence to Frederick the Great, who made it his chief residence, and bestowed on it the greater part of those monuments which form its principal attraction. All the successive sovereigns have contributed to its embellishment. On leaving the terminus we cross the Havel over an iron bridge, and observe on the left the Lustgarten, which extends to the palace. In the centre of a basin is a group representing Neptune and Thetis in a chariot. Near it are the busts of the generals York, Tauentzien, Bülow, Blücher, Kleist, Gneisenau, the Emperor Alexander I.,Scharnhorst, and the Duke of Brunswick, all in bronze, by Rauch. Mythological groups, in marble, adorn the north side of the promenade.

The ROYAL PALACE, built 1660 -1701, contains many souvenirs of Frederick the Great. The apartments which he occupied remain unchanged: we see there his writing table, his library, his music-stand, the furniture, with its coverings injured by his favourite dogs, his hat, scarf, and his green eye-shade. Adjoining the bed-room is a dining-room with a trap-door in the floor, through which meals were served

by a lift, rendering the presence of a servant unnecessary. The apartments of Frederick-William III. and the Queen Louise also remain as they were during the lifetime of their occupants. Those of Frederick-William IV. contain some modern paintings.

In the vicinity is the HOTEL DE VILLE, built in 1754, after the model of that at Amsterdam. The tower is surmounted by a figure of Atlas supporting the globe on his shoulders. In the Place, in front of the building, is an obelisk 75 ft. high, adorned with medallion portraits of the great Elector, and the three first kings of Prussia.

At the west end of the town is the Garrison Church. Near the pulpit are French, Bavarian, and Wurtemburg flags, taken in the campaigns of 1813-15. Beneath the pulpit, and above ground, is the plain metallic coffin, which contains the ashes of Frederick the Great, and the marble sarcophagus of William I. It was over the coffin of Frederick that, on the night of the 3rd or 4th of November, 1805, Frederick-William III. and the Emperor Alexander I. swore eternal friendship. The Emperor Napoleon visited it in 1806, and took away the sword of Frederick the Great, which, after his death, was placed upon his coffin. It has never been recovered. The uniforms of the three sovereigns who formed the Holy Alliance are preserved here in mahogany closets.

An avenue leads from the Brandenburg Gate to SANS SOUCI. At the entrance of the park, on the right, is the Friedenskirche. It is built in the style of a basilica, and has three naves, of which the central one is 87 ft. long by 32 ft. wide. It contains a mosaic from a church at Murano, near Venice.

The PARK OF SANS SOUCI was laid out in 1744 by Frederick II., and has subsequently received embellishments from time to time. It is adorned with numerous statues and groups in marble; amongst others, two sphinxes, and a bust of Paolo Giordano, Duc de Bracciano, in Egyptian porphyry, which was taken to Paris by the French, and restored in 1815. The latter is placed near the great fountain, which throws a jet nearly 120 ft. high. Its basin is 130 ft. in diameter, and is surrounded by twelve mythological groups. Further on are four marble columns 30 ft. high, with capitals gilded, and adorned with statues of Venus, Apollo, Bacchus, and Hope. Another avenue to the right of the Brandenburg gate leads to the principal entrance of the Park, where there is an obelisk 63 ft. high. Around it are columns with busts. On the way to the Palace we pass several fountains and the Grotto of Nep

tune.

The Great Fountain is at the foot of the hill on which stands the PALACE OF SANS SOUCI. We ascend by nine terraces, each adorned with orange-trees and conservatories. On two sides of the Palace are vases in marble. Near the Palace, at the end of the terrace, are the tablets over the graves of the favourite dogs and charger of the king, in the grave with which he requested that he might be buried. This palace, built in 1745-47, was the favourite residence of Frederick II., who died here. It then remained unoccupied for many years. It was restored by Frederick-William IV., who made it his summer residence, and died in it in 1861. The apartments of Frederick the Great are in the

same state as when he left them. We see the clock, which stopped at 20 minutes past 2 o'clockthe moment of his decease, and the couch on which he died. From the palace we may ascend a hill called Ruinenberg, from the artificial ruins which hide the waterworks supplying the fountains. From the summit of the tower of the reservoir, the view is very fine. In the lower portion of the park is the JAPANESE PAVILION; near it is a fine bronze fountain. The Temple contains a copy of the statue of Queen Louise, executed by Rauch for the mausoleum of Charlottenburg. Close by the palace is the historic windmill. It still belongs to the descendants of the miller who refused to give it up when it was demanded of him by Frederick, who wished to extend the grounds of Sans Souci. "Are there no judges in Berlin?" was the reply of the miller to the demand of the king. The owner in later years becoming involved in pecuniary difficulties, and having offered the mill for sale, William IV. settled upon him a sum sufficient to enable him to retain his property.

The NEW PALACE, at the end of the Great Avenue, was built at the termination of the Seven Years' War, 1763-9, in the Dutch style, at a cost of 3,000,000 thalers. The great façade is 227 yards long. The palace has 322 windows, and is adorned externally with upwards of 400 statues or groups. On the frontal is inscribed: Nec soli cedit. There are 200 apartments, of which about 40 are shown. In the apartments of Frederick II. are several fine paintings, some of them being by the first masters: Tintoretto, Domenichino, Guido Reni, Van Dyck, Titian.

On a wooded eminence east of

Potsdam, and about 24 miles distant, is the Castle of Babelsberg, the usual summer residence of the king. The grounds are handsomely laid out. The interior is comfortably furnished, but contains nothing of especial interest. The views from the terrace are very fine.

ROUTE 97.

COLOGNE TO BREMEN.

276 miles; 1st class (express) 381 sgr; 2nd, 261 sgr.; 1st class (ordinary) 312 sgr.; 2nd, 2184 sgr.; 3rd, 147 sgr.

(For the route from Cologne to Wunstorf Junction, see Route 96.)

EAVING Wunstorf we reach NEUSTADT (226 miles), at some distance from which we see the lake called Steinhuder-Meer. On an island in the centre is a castle which is used as a military school. NIENBURG was formerly a fortress of some strength, but the French destroyed the fortifications in 1807. VERDEN (246 miles) was formerly the seat of a bishopric founded by Charlemagne. The Cathedral, which has no tower, contains monuments of some of the bishops, and some good stained windows and tracery. Passing some places of no interest, we reach

BREMEN (276 miles), (Hotels: de l'Europe, Hillman's), population, 71,000. This is one of the most important commercial towns on the Continent. It is situated on the River Weser, which runs through it. Its shipping business is very great. The ship-owners possess upwards of 300 vessels. It is estimated that 80,000 emi

grants embark for America from Bremen every year. The fortifications have been destroyed, and the ramparts now form promenades. On the eastern part of the promenade are the Theatre, the Union (a merchants' association), and the Kunsthalle, or Museum of Fine Arts. Near the last-named is the statue of the astronomer Olbers. The Rathhaus, of the 15th century is a remarkable building. The southern façade is adorned with eight large statues, representing the Emperor and the seven Electors. In the great hall is the marble statue of the Burgomaster Smidt, who died in 1857.

On the west side is the entrance to the famous wine cellars, which are open to the public every day. In one of the compartments are the wine casks called the Rose, and the Twelve Apostles. In front of the Rathhaus is a statue of Roland, 18 feet high, erected in 1412, intended as a symbol of the sovereignty of the town. In the immediate vicinity is the Schutting, the seat of the Chamber of Commerce. Near it are the Bourse, the Church of Notre Dame, and the Stadthaus. The Cathedral, a Gothic building of the 12th cen tury, has been recently restored. It possesses the finest organ in Germany. The tourist should note the glass; the pulpit given by Christine of Sweden; the baptismal fonts; and the Bleikeller, a vault which has the property of preserving bodies from decomposition. On the Cathedral Place, or Domshof, are the Museum and the Borsenhalle, a place of meet ing, or club for merchants. On the Domshaide, near the Cathedral, is a bronze statue of Gustavus Adolphus, made at Munich. The ship which was to have transported it to Gothenburg, was wrecked at Heligoland, and the

statue, being rescued by the fishermen there, was purchased by some Bremen merchants, and presented by them to the town. Near it is the Artists' Club. The Church of St. Ansgar, of the 13th century, is surmounted by a tower 325 feet high. It contains a fine painting by Tischbein, some good frescoes, and stained glass windows. The Catholic Church of St. John contains the remains of Prince Louis-François de Bourbon-Conde, who died in 1757.

Two bridges connect the two banks of the Weser. From the larger one there is a fine view. Near the southern ramparts are the barracks and armoury of the military contingent of Bremen.

The depth of water in the river at Bremen is sufficient only for vessels drawing 8 feet of water. Large vessels are unloaded at BREMERHAFEN, (Hotels; Steinhof's, Lloyd's,) which is 30 miles below Bremen. It is rapidly increasing in trade and population, and now numbers about 6,500 inhabitants, It is also a watering place. It is connected by railway with Bremen. Trains five times a day, in an hour and a half-fare, 1st class, 1 th. 20 sgr.; 2nd, 1 th. 8 sgr. ; 3rd, 25 sgr.

HAMBURG MONEY.

The coins are Mark Courent, equal to 16 schillings, or 1s. 24d. English, or 30 cents in the money of the United States; the double mark; 8 schillings, or half mark; 4 schillings; 1 schilling; specie Rix-dollar, equal to 4s. 7d. English, or 114 dollars in United States money. The Mark Banco is imaginary, valued in English money at 1s. 54d., or in money of the United States, 36 cents.

ROUTE 98.

COLOGNE TO HAMBURG.

To Harburg Terminus, 307 miles; 1st class (express), 462 sgr.; 2nd, 318 sgr.; 1st class (ordinary), 382 sgr.; 2nd, 270 sgr.; 3rd, 192 sgr.

(From Harburg to Hamburg, steamer across the Elbe in one hour. The steamers leave each side eight times a day.)

(For that part of the route from Cologne to Lehrte, see Route 96).

EAVING Lehrte, we pass Burgdorf (225 miles), CELLE (238 miles), population, 14,000, the second residence of the King of Hanover before its annexation to Prussia; UELZEN (260 miles), near which are some stones supposed to be Druidic, and reach

The