of his father, in consequence of his attempt to escape to England. About a mile distant, to the north, is the plain of Zorndorf, where Frederick gained, in 1758, a great victory over the Russians. LANDSBERG (79 miles), (Hotel: König von Preussen), population 16,800, situated on the Warthe, is an important manufacturing town. The railway traverses a large plain, affording glimpses, from time to time, of the sails of the vessels on the river. At KREUZ (117 miles) the line is crossed by that from Stettin to Posen. We proceed through a country presenting alternations of cultivated patches and sandy plains covered with pines. BROMBERG (208 miles) is a town of 22,474 inhabitants, situated on the Brahe, not far from its confluence with the Vistula. There are considerable manufactures carried on here. DIRSCHAU (287 miles) situated on the left bank of the Vistula. Here the line branches off on the left to Dantzic. We now cross the river, which is 1,200 ft. wide here, over a bridge of about 870 yards long. We pass over the island of Nogath, formed by two arms of the Vistula, of which the left retains its name, the right, called the Nogath, flowing into the Frische Haff, a freshwater gulf, formed by the influx of the Nogath, the Elbing, and other rivers, and connected with the Baltic by a strait. This delta is protected against inundation by dykes, like those in Holland. The Nogath is crossed over a bridge upwards of 300 ft. long. MARIENBURG (298 miles), (Hotels: König von Preussen, Hochmeister), population 8,000, was formerly the seat of the Teutonic order. The ancient Gothic Château of the Grand Master was built at various periods during the 13th and 14th

centuries. It is worth a visit. The church contains the tombs of several of the grand masters. ELBING (306 miles), (Hotels : Stadt Berlin, Königlicher Hof); population, 25,539. It is situated on the river of the same name, which falls into the Frische Haff, upon which there are steamers three times a week to Königsberg, and through which it has access to the Baltic. BRAUNSBERG (351 miles), a town of 8,000 inhabitants, on the Passarge, has several public educational establishments.

KONIGSBERG (389 miles), (Hotels: Deutsches Haus, du Nord, de Prusse, Sans Souci), population, 102,000. This was formerly the capital of Prussia, and the residence of the Electors of Brandenburg, and is a fortress of the first-class, situated on the Pregel, a few miles above its influx into the Frische Haff. The Cathedral, a fine Gothic building of the 14th century, is situated on an island. It contains a marble monument of the Margrave Albert of Brandenburg, and several other tombs; amongst them, one of Kant, the great metaphysician, who was a native of Königsberg; his house, in the Prinzessin Strasse, is pointed out. The University, established in 1544, has a library of 60,000 vols. The Palace, built in 1257 by Ottakar, King of Bohemia, has been the residence of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order, and of the Dukes of Prussia. In its chapel, in 1701, Frederick I. placed the crown upon his own head, on taking the title of King of Prussia. Underneath this chapel is a large hall, 300 ft. long, 60 wide, and about 20 high, called the Moskowitzersaal. There is a beautiful view from the tower. The Museum, containing about 250 paintings, is open to the pub

lic from 11 to 2 on Sundays; strangers are admitted every day for a fee of 10 sgr. The Royal Library contains about 200,000 volumes, besides several of Luther's manuscripts. The Observatory is situated on an old bastion at the east of the town; it is provided with excellent instruments, and attained great celebrity under the astronomer Bessel. The Königsthor is a handsome gate, adorned with statues of the King Ottakar of Bohemia, Duke Albert, and King Frederick I. of Prussia. The ancient citadel of Friedrichsburg has been a magazine since 1811. The Schlosssteich is a piece of water, bordered with pleasant gardens and houses. The Königs-garten has a statue of Frederick-William III. in bronze, gilt.

Königsberg has a considerable trade in grain and hemp. The sandy beach furnishes abundance of yellow amber. [About twentytwo miles south of Königsberg is EYLAU, a town of 2,800 inhabitants, celebrated for the sanguinary battle which took place there on the 7th of February, 1807, between the French, under Napoleon, and Prussians. Twelve miles from Eylau is Friedland, where the French gained a victory over the Prussians in June of the same year.]

INSTERBURG (448 miles), (Hotel: de Russie), is a busy manufacturing town of 11,000 inhabitants. [Here a branch line goes to TILSITT, 25 miles distant, celebrated for the treaty of peace concluded there, July 9, 1807.] We go on to Gumbinnen (462 miles), a manufacturing town of 6,500 inhabitants. EYDTKUHNEN (485 miles) is the last German station. (For the remainder of the journey to St. Petersburg see Route 152.)

ROUTE 105.

THE RHINE, FROM MAYENCE TO COLOGNE.

HE distance from Mayence to Cologne by the river is 116 English miles. The passenger steamers usually occupy nine hours in the passage between the two places. From Mayence to Coblenz the time is usually five hours.

In the travelling season steamers leave Mayence for Cologne four or five times a day. The most convenient hours of departure are 7, 9, and 113 A.M., the last being from Castel, opposite Mayence upon the arrival of the morning express train from Frankfort.

Steamers leave Cologne at 6 and 10 A.M. and 1 P.M. The time from Cologne to Mayence is usually fourteen hours, to Coblenz eight hours.

The most comfortable as well as the swiftest steamers are those called the "American steamers,' one of which leaves Mayence every morning. They have deck saloons with windows throughout the whole length, and are comfortably fitted up, somewhat after the manner of the American river steamers.

The fare from Mayence to Coblenz is, first class, 2 th. 12 sgr.; second, 1 th. 18 sgr. The fare from Mayence to Coblenz is, first class, 1 th. 24 sgr.; second, 1 th.

summer, but it is best to take the earlier boat, which reaches Cologne before dark.

MAYENCE (Hotels: d'Angleterre, Rheinischer Hof, Hollandischer Hof), population 42,000. This town is the Moguntiacum of the Romans. It is the chief town of the Grand Duchy of the HesseDarmstadt, but has been garrisoned by Prussia since 1866. It is situated on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite the mouth of the Main. The Cathedral, built in 978, has been many times destroyed by fire, and rebuilt on an enlarged scale, during the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, but it suffered from the bombardment of the town by the Prussians in 1793, and from being converted into a magazine by the French in 1813. It is about 360 ft. long by 142 ft. wide, and has six towers, of which the round-tower on the east side merits particular attention. At the northern entrance are two fine bronze doors. The interior has 56 pillars supporting the nave, fine frescoes, and painted windows, and many tombs of the Archbishops and Electors of Mayence. A slab is shown which formed part of the tomb of Fastrade, third wife of Charlemagne. The principal tower is 390 ft. high; from the gallery there is a fine view.

In the open space near the Theatre is a bronze statue of Gutemberg, the inventor of printing, by Thorwaldsen, erected in 1837. The house in which Gutemburg was born is shown.

The Hall of the Cornmarket is one of the largest of its kind in Germany. It serves also for concerts, and public balls. The Place called the Cattle-Market is surrounded by the Governor's Palace, barracks, and the Prus

sian military casino. The fountain is alleged to have been brought from the Palace of Charlemagne at Ingelheim. From the terrace of the Faubourg of Kästrich a good view may be obtained.

The Grosse Bleiche is the principal street. It contains the palace of the commandant, the new fountain, and the church of St. Peter.

The ancient Palace of the Elector is now the Museum. It contains a collection of upwards of 2,000 plaster casts; a collection of antiquities; a cabinet of medals; a library; a picture gallery; a museum of natural history, &c.

In front of the Electoral palace is the ancient Palace of the Teutonic Order, now the Palace of the Grand Duke, which communicates, by a gallery, with the arsenal. The Church of St. Stephen (built in 1318, restored since 1857) is composed of three naves of the same height; from the gallery of the tower, 310 ft. above the Rhine, there is a magnificent panoramic view. The interior contains several pictures and sculptures of merit. The cemetery is well laid out, and contains the tombs of many celebrated persons, together with a monument erected to the soldiers of Napoleon's army. Near the town on the south-east is the former summer palace of the Electors called the Favourite, from which was published, in 1792, the famous manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick. The New Promenade called Neue Anlage, affords a grand view of the Rhine and the opposite mountains.

Across the Rhine, on the point formed by the entrance of the Main, called Mainspitze, is a fort which commands both rivers: near it are the remains of a bas