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appointed two wuzeers, one of whom was to take care that the jageerdar should not oppress the ryots. The jageerdar got the grant first for three years; at the end of that period the country was inspected. If it was found in a flourishing condition, and the peasantry were contented, the jageerdar was continued; otherwise, it (the jageer), was resumed, and the jageerdar was punished, by withholding from him his subsistence for the three years following." Here, then, we see the jageerdar received a grant of no more than the reward of service. The tenure by jageer is recognised by our government as resumable. It is resumable when the grantee ceases to exist.

JAINAS, or Svarakas, or Swarkas,

have been considered a division of the sect of Buddha; but the principal tenet of their faith is in direct opposition to the belief of that sect. The latter deny the existence of a Supreme Being: the former admit of one, but deny his power and interference in the regulation of the universe. Like the Buddhas, they believe that there is a plurality of heavens and hells; that our rewards and punishments in them depend upon our merit or demerit; and that the future births of men are regulated by their goodness or wickedness in every state of animal life. JAINS. Among the variety of religious professors, Brahmuns, Gossains, Jogees, Fakirs, and Moolahs, who are to be met with in all the large towns of Western India, the most remarkable, perhaps, are the disciples and priests of the Jain sect, who vary much in appearance, manners, and faith, from their countrymen. In social life, the Jains are a calm, benevolent class of people, and their Gurus, or expounders of their religious tenets, are sedate, contemplative, and philosophic. The disciples of the sect are chiefly Banyans, a money-making, bustling class, the appropriation of whose wealth to religi

ous purposes has bestowed a degree of magnificence and beauty on the temples of their religion, which marks them as amongst the finest relics of Hindoo architecture. In addition to their priestly learning, the Gurus, or teachers of the Jain religion, profess a knowledge of astrology and the medicinal art; both are so entwined, however, by the ignorances and prejudices of the practisers of them, that they have become indivisible, and the disciples of Galen would be powerless indeed but for the credulous belief in fatality which their patients entertain, and their contented submission to the authority of prescience; the Jain Hakeems, or "Weids," as they are usually called, receive a medical education, and the calling is usually considered hereditary. They possess some few works on medicine, the most authoritative being the work of "Dunter Weid," a celebrated physician, said to have arisen from the sea, and taught the uses of all the medicines at present known. Another work is stated to have been written by Mahadeo, for it would seem that the Hindoo gods were addicted to authorship, as appears from the labours of Brahma, Mahadeo, and others. The work

most in favour, however, with the Jain physicians, is the "Kal Giran,” or "Book of Fate," which in all dangerous cases is consulted, previous to any treatment of the patient, with the object of discovering his ultimate fate. The Jain mediciners believe that all disorders of the human system originate in the blood, and that its purification is consequently the best means of expelling disease; they have some knowledge of the properties of herbs and simples, which often prove efficient remedies for trifling ailments, but, in dangerous diseases, their best trust is in the Kal Giran, and the prayers of the priests, the science of the Weid availing little. In cases of small-pox they attempt no remedy, but simply anoint the body with sacred chalk from the

holy temple of Dwaka, to which it is supposed to have been brought from the Severga, or heaven of the Hindoos; in cases of madness, it is common to apply the quadruped remedy, of firing with hot irons, combined with stimulating medicines. The Jains are quite ignorant of surgery, and in the case of a broken limb, bandage it with splints, and apply an embrocation of sweet oil and neem leaves, trusting the result to the Kal Giran. Memories of ancient feud have long conspired with differences of religious faith, to continue feelings of discord and hatred between the Brahminical priesthood and the Pontiffs, Gurus, or teachers of the Jains; the great religious schism being founded on the refusal of the Jains to acknowledge the Vedas-an offence which is held as too grievously heretical to be readily forgiven. The Jains, opposed as they are to the Brahmuns, on the most important matters of religious faith, have yet many customs of a social nature in common, the result possibly of climate, which would tend to generalise any habits among the people, which were found peculiarly suited to their health and position; a distinction of castes consequently obtains with the Jains, as with other Hindoos; they avoid animal slaughter, and the use of intoxicating liquors, strictly observe the duties of ablution, and practise great mortification as ascetics. Should an individual succeed in making himself sufficiently wretched to obtain the highest class of Devoteeism, he is dubbed a Nirvan, and considered as an incarnation of the deity. The Jains worship twenty-four Tirthacars, or deified saints; these worthies are believed to have been wise and virtuous beings, whom Jain has at various times permitted to become their spiritual teachers. The spirits of these good men now dwell in a state of bliss; and all beings, whether sinful or otherwise, will continue to undergo changes, until ren

dered worthy the association of their teachers in the courts of heaven. In addition to these saints, the Jains believe in the advent of other twentyfour wise men, who are destined to appear in the fulness of time; the names of these magi are not yet revealed, but the worship of their predecessors, together with works of charity, and extensive benevolence, both towards men and animals, is considered the best preparative the Jains can undergo, previous to the purification which shall introduce them to their state of bliss. The Jains, who are as remarkable as the Quakers for the spotlessness of their garb, never allow it to be washed, lest they incur the heinous sin of destroying animal life; the muslin is therefore constantly renewed, and preserved with great care from all chance of being soiled.

JAJPORE, a town in the province of Orissa, in India, situated on the south bank of the river Bytoornee, in Lat. 20 deg. 52 min. N., Long. 86 deg. 24 min. E. This was the ancient capital of the kings of Orissa, and was also a place of importance under the Mooghul government, and was the usual residence of the Mahomedan governor of the province. At present, it is little more than a large straggling village of mud huts, but it contains some remarkable ruins of Hindoo temples, and it is considered by the Hindoos as a holy place, being frequently styled the first gate of Juggernaut. A good deal of cloth is manufactured here.

JAMBO, the Malay apple of Ceylon. It is a handsome tree, of a conical shape. It grows to the height of forty or fifty feet. Its branches spread but little, and are numerous. Its leaves are about fifteen inches long, and four broad, and are pointed at both ends. Its blossom is of a bright pink colour. The fruit is of the shape of a pear, and nearly like an apple in taste, though more juicy, and contains a large kernel.

In some trees the fruit is red, in | others of a clear delicate white, with a slight tinge of red on one side. The wood is seldom used. JAMMA, Hindostanee.

The whole, total, sum, amount, sum total, assembly, collection. The total of a territorial assessment.

JAMMABUNDY, a settlement of the total of an assessment, or a written statement of the same. JAMROOL (Eugenia Alla or Aquea), a tasteless white fruit grown in India. It is mostly planted for ornament, its bright pale, and almost transparent fruit, hanging in clusters amongst the large, dark green leaves, rendering it an object of peculiar beauty. The Malays and natives of India, who are great lovers of watery fruits, which they eat as cooling medicines, think very highly of the Jamrool, and eat it in large quantities during its season, which is always the hottest months of the year. The Malay name for it is a very expressive one, jambu ayer (the water jambu), and, with them the bark is thought a sovereign remedy for apthæ in children. The fruits of all the family appear to be singularly attractive to bats of all kinds and sizes, which swarm about the trees at the time of its ripening; the large bats will even cut through a net to get at the fruit, and are thus caught by those tribes of Coolies, Dangurs, and Boonwahs, who esteem a dish of stewed bats as a delicacy, and sometimes pass a night in hunting them, with as much perseverance and zest as the English sportsman follows the snipe or the floriken! JANEE! "My life!" A Persian expression of affection. JANISSARY, a European corruption

of Yeni-tchiri, a member of a body of Turkish infantry soldiery, now no longer in existence. JANWAR, a vagabond. The word is used by sportsmen in India in speaking of the fox, the hyena, and other cunning beasts.

JAO, or JOW! a phrase in the imperative mood, much in use among the English in India, addressing their inferiors, and meaning" Go! Be off!" JAPAN. The empire of Japan consists of four large, and several small islands, lying to the east of Chinese Tartary and China, and about 150 miles distant, extending from Lat. 46 deg. to 30 deg. N. The large islands are Jesso, Nipon, Sikoke, and Kinsin, and of these the largest and principal is Nipon, which is about 850 miles in length. These islands are all mountainous, and have several volcanoes, some of which are continually in action. They are well watered, and cultivated with remarkable industry and skill. Their principal productions are rice and other grains, and vegetables, tea, cotton, silks, varnish, and camphor. The animals are not numerous. There are horses and cattle, but no sheep, and the wolf is the largest of their wild beasts. Gold is abundant, and they have also silver, copper, lead, iron, sulphur, and coal. There are numerous towns, many of them large and populous. The principal are Jeddo, Miako, and Nungasaki. The name of Japan is derived from the Chinese term Sippon, or Jippon. By the natives, their country is called Japan. The inhabitants, called by the English Japanese, appear to be of the same general race as the Tartar and Chinese, being distinguished by the same small narrow eyes and flat faces. Their complexion is yellowish, occasionally approaching to white. They are an exceedingly ingenious people, and in point of civilisation may be considered on a footing with the Chinese. Their manufactures, of all kinds, are excellent. In silk and cotton fabrics they are superior to any other Eastern country, and in varnished and lacquered wares they are unequalled, even by Europeans. So celebrated have they always been for this last art, that "japan" has become the common English term for this de

scription of ware. Their acquirements in science, however, are limited, as this nation, like the Chinese, has remained stationary, so that in navigation, mechanics, &c., they are still very far behind. The amount of the population is not known. It probably does not exceed fifteen or twenty millions. In religion, the Japanese are idolaters; some of the Booddhist system, introduced, it is understood, from China, and others of a more ancient system, recognising a Supreme Being, but worshipping a multitude of inferior deities. Japan was visited by Portuguese missionaries in 1549, and they continued to teach their religion with very considerable success until 1638, when the government, becoming suspicious of their intentions, commenced a fierce persecution, and, after massacreing many thousand persons, entirely rooted out the Romish religion; since which time, all attempts to introduce Christianity into this country have been carefully prevented, and the name of Christian proscribed. The Dutch are now the only Europeans whom they allow to trade with their country. The Japanese language is entirely distinct from the Chinese. JAROO-WALLAH, literally, a broom fellow, or sweeper. The word is in use in Western India, instead of Mehtur-which see.

JATS, a tribe of Hindoos of a low class, much inferior in every respect to the Rajpoots, who hold them in strict subjection, and deny the claim which they advance to be considered of Rajpoot origin. They first attracted notice in Hindostan about the year 1700, when they migrated from the banks of the river Indus, and settled, chiefly as agriculturists, in various parts of the Dooab. The Jats are generally of short stature, black, and ill-looking. JAULNA, or YAULNAPORE, a town, in the province of Aurungabad, in India, situated in Lat. 19 deg. 52 min. N., Long. 76 deg. 8

min. E. It consists of two towns, separated by a small river and a fort, and is an English military station. JAUNPANEE, a covered arm chair, attached by swivels to poles, and borne on men's shoulders up and down the Himalaya mountains. It is the ordinary vehicle for the transit of Europeans, especially those of the softer sex, who are afraid to trust themselves to the Ghoonts, or mountain ponies.

JAVA, a large island, lying westward of Floris, one of the Sunda Islands, between the sixth and ninth degrees of south latitude and the 115th and 105th degrees of east longitude, being about 660 miles in length, and of a breadth varying from fifty to 130 miles. It includes the small islands of Madura and Bally. The interior of this island throughout its whole length is marked by an uninterrupted range of mountains, varying in their elevation from 5000 to 12,000 feet, and many of them occasionally subject to volcanic eruptions. The rivers are numerous, and the soil remarkably rich. Java abounds with all the productions, and swarms with all the animals, both wild and domestic, known in India. It also produces sago, and the edible birds' nests. The principal towns are Batavia, Samarang, Sooryakarta, and Soorabaya. By the Malays and natives this island is named Thana Java. The inhabitants are called Javanese. There are also many Chinese, Malays, Buggesses, Arabs, and Indians. The total population amounts to about 4,500,000. predominant religion is Mahomedanism; the Hindoo system, however, is still prevalent in the island of Bally. The language is called Javanese, and is written in a character formed upon the Sanscrit alphabet.

The

JEDDO, the capital of the empire of Japan, is situated upon the southern coast of the island Nipon, in Lat. 36 deg. 29 min. N., Long. 140 deg. E.

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JEE, sir, mister; the word is found | terminating the names of Parsees and Hindoos, as Cursetjee, or Ragojee, familiarly "Curset" or "Rago." JELINGA. See TELOOGOO. JELLALABAD, a town in Afghanistan, situated in Lat. 34 deg. 6 min. N., Long. 69 deg. 46 min E., a short distance westward of the Khyber Pass. It was formerly a place of considerable importance, and is still one of the principal towns; but it is chiefly noted on account of its gallant defence by a handful of British troops, under Sir Robert Sale, against the Afghans, in 1842. JELOW-DAR, Persian. Head groom, from Jelow, a rein, because a groom is supposed to ride at the bridle rein of his master, ready for any service. JEMMADAR, a native officer in a sepoy or other native Indian regiment, whose rank, in reference to the subadar's, corresponds with that of a lieutenant. Also the head of the peons, or peadas (foot messengers), in public offices and large private establishments. The Jemmadar does not wear a badge upon his belt, like the havildar (serjeant), and common peons, but is generally decorated with cotton epaulettes, or silver or gold lace, and wears a dagger, in a crimson velvet sheath, in his cummerbard, or waistcloth. JERROW, or MAHA, the noblest spe

cimen of the stag to be met with, and may be called the elk of the Himalayas. He stands from four to five feet in height; his colour is a rich brown, and his antlers branching into six on each side, have obtained for him the name of bara-singh, twelve horns, in the plains. During the day-time, the Jerrows usually lie in the heaviest jungle; but at morning and evening they may be seen grazing in the rich pastures, and usually in pairs. JEWASSIR, a green prickly shrub, which grows in abundance in Upper India, and is given to camels as food. Dried, and woven into tatties, it answers all the purposes of kuskus.

JEYPORE, a city in India, the capital of the principality of Ajmere, is situated in Lat. 26 deg. 55 min. N., Long. 75 deg. 37 min. E. This is considered to be the handsomest and most regularly built town in India, many of its streets being equal in appearance to those of European cities. The present town is of modern origin, having been planned and built for the Rajah Jey Sing, a celebrated chief in the time of the Emperor Aurangzebe, by an Indian architect.

JEZAIL, a long musket of large calibre, and supported upon an iron fork driven into the ground, and much in use among the Afghans. JHADO0, witchcraft. The belief of the Hindoos in witchery, is as strong as was that of the people of England in the middle ages. All the results of science, such as steam navigation, ærostation, and electricity, are ascribed by them to witchcraft. JHEEL, a lake or pond. Tanks and jeels are, in almost every part of India, full of rushes and of the conferva, which, together with duckweed, docks, &c., both cover the surface, and fill up the deeps. They are generally replete with small fishes of various descriptions, and if of any extent or deep, either harbour, or serve as visiting places for, alligators, which infest both the running and the stagnant waters in every part of the country. The borders of jheels are hence the haunt of wild-fowl. Snipe, curlews, duck, teal, cranes, cooluns, and other of the stork species, swarm in these localities.

JHIL-MIL, Venetian blinds. The natives of India are fond of making the sounds of their words an echo to the sense. Thus jhil-mil represents the clatter of the blind when being closed, as tom-tom expresses the sound of the drum, put-tack, the explosion of a cracker. The jhil-mils, or Venetians, are in general use in India. They modify the intense light in European houses.

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