JHOOL, the housing of the elephant. JHOW, a small fir; a species of jungle broom, which grows upon the banks of the Ganges. It resembles the yew tree in form, and affords good food for camels.

JINJALL, a piece of cannon of small

calibre, mounted on a wall of India fortresses.

JOALS, bags used in Persia, made of canvass or carpet stuff, for containing clothes or other necessaries on a journey, and carried slung on either side of a horse or mule. JOONEER, a town in the province of Aurungabad in India, situated in Lat. 19 deg. 12 min. N., Long. 74 deg. 10 min. E. It is a large town, with a strong fortress, and was formerly the capital of the province. There are numerous excavations and cave temples at this place of Jain origin.

JORHAT, a city in the country of Assam, latterly the capital of the country, stands on both sides of the river Dikho, in Lat. 26 deg. 48 min. N., Long. 94 deg. 6 min. E. JOUDPORE, or MARWAR, a town in India, in the province of Ajmere, is situated in Lat. 26 deg. 18 min. N., Long. 73 deg. E. It is the capital of the district of Joudpoor, and is said to be a well-built town. JOW-JEHANUM! a peremptory injunction (in Hindostanee) to proceed

to a place which it is not usual to mention to "ears polite." JUBBULPORE, a city in India, in the province of Gondwana, situated in Lat. 23 deg. 11 min. N., Long. 80 deg. 16 min. E. It is the modern capital of the district, and is better built than the majority of the towns in this part of India. Coal is found in its neighbourhood. JUGGERNAT'H. In Hindoo mythology the re-animated form of Krishna. According to the Hindoos, the love-inspiring Krishna was one day shot with an arrow from the bow of a hunter, who left the lovely form of the deity, whom the Gopias had so franticly adored, to rot under

the tree where it fell. After some time, his bones were collected by some pious persons, and made the means of enriching the priests of the Hindoos. Being placed in a box, they remained till Vishnu, on being applied to by a religious monarch, Indra Dhoomna, commanded him to make an image of Juggernat'h, and place the bones in it. The king would willingly have done as he was desired, but, unfortunately, possessed not the skill for such an undertaking: so he made bold to ask Vishnu who should make it? Vishnu told him to apply to Viswakarma, the architect of the gods. He did so, and Viswakarma set about forming the image of Juggernat'h, but declared, if any person disturbed him in his labours, he would leave his work unfinished. All would have gone on well, had not the king shown a reprehensible impatience to those divine injunctions which he had solemnly pledged himself to observe. After fifteen days he went to see what progress the holy architect had made; which so enraged him, that he desisted from his labours, and left the intended god without either arms or legs. In spite, however, of this perplexing event, the work of Viswakarma has become celebrated throughout Hindostan; and pilgrims, from the remotest corners of India, flock, at the time of the festivals of Juggernat'h, to pay their adoration at his monstrous and unhallowed shrine. Between two and three thousand persons are computed to lose their lives annually on their pilgrimage to Juggernat'h. The temples of this deity being the resort of all the sects of the Hindoos, it is calculated that not less than two hundred thousand worshippers visit the celebrated pagoda in Orissa yearly, from which the Brahmuns draw an immense revenue. All the land within twenty miles round the pagoda is considered holy; but the most sacred spot is an area of about six hundred and fifty feet square, which contains fifty temples.

The most conspicuous of these is a lofty tower, about one hundred and eighty-four feet in height, and about twenty-eight feet square inside, called the Bur Dewali, in which the idol, and his brother, and sister Subhadra, are lodged. Adjoining are two pyramidical buildings. In one, about forty feet square, the idol is worshipped; and, in the other, the food prepared for the pilgrims is distributed. These buildings were erected in A.D. 1198. The walls are covered with statues, many of which are in highly indecent postures. The grand entrance is on the eastern side; and close to the outer wall stands an elegant stone column, thirty-five feet in height, the shaft of which is formed of a single block of basalt, presenting sixteen sides.

The pedestal is richly ornamented. The column is surrounded by a finely sculptured statue of Hanuman, the monkey-chief of the Ramayana. The establishment of priests, and others belonging to the temple, has been stated to consist of three thousand nine hundred families, for whom the daily provision is enormous. The holy food is presented to the idol three times a day. This meal lasts about an hour, during which time the dancing girls belonging to the temple exhibit their professional skill in an adjoining building. Twelve festivals are celebrated during the year, the principal of which is the Rat'h Jattra (See RAT'H JATTRA). Juggernat❜h is styled the Lord of the World. His temples, which are also numerous in Bengal, are of a pyramidical form. During the intervals of worship they are shut up. The image of this god is made of a block of wood, and has a frightful visage, with a distended mouth. His arms, which, as he was formed without any, have been given to him by the priests, are of gold. He is gorgeously dressed, as are also the other two idols which accompany him. In a compartment in the temple of Rama, he is represented in company with Bala Rama and

Subhadra, without arms or legs. The town of Juggernat'h is situated on the coast of the province of Orissa, in Lat. 19 deg. 49 min. N., Long. 85 deg. 54 min. E. It is named, and usually called, Pooree, and is inhabited chiefly by Brahmuns, and others connected with the pagoda. On the sea shore, eighteen miles to the northward of Juggernat'h, are the remains of an ancient temple of the sun, called, in English charts-the black pagoda. The greater part of the temple is in ruins, having been thrown down, apparently, by lightning or earthquake; but, from what remains, it appears to have been one of the most singular edifices ever constructed in India. Part of the tower, 120 feet high, is still standing, and the antechamber, or jungmohun, about 100 feet high. They are built of immense blocks of stone and massive beams of iron, some of which are nearly a foot square, and from twelve to eighteen feet long. This temple, which has been long deserted, was built by a rajah of Orissa, in 1241.

JUGUD'HATRI. In Hindoo mythology a form of Parvati as Doorga. She is represented as a yellow woman, sitting on a lion, holding in her four hands a shell, a discus, a lotus flower, and a club. This goddess is worshipped with much rejoicing in the month Kartiku, on which occasion large sums are expended. After the ceremony her images, like those of Doorga, are conveyed, attended in the customary manner with much noisy music, to the banks of the river, and cast into the stream. JUIMANS. This Indian word may be rendered parishioner, but does not fully express the proper sense. Religious client, if such can be conceived, is the more correct interpretation. JUMMA-KUR,

Το

Hindostanee. make an admixture. For example: if a young subaltern officer goes to the tent or bungalow of a brother officer, and finds him about to dine

JUMMA MUSJEED, the Friday mosque, or the assembly mosque; that is the principal mosque at which the Mahomedans assemble on the Friday.

JUMNĂ, the.

A river in India, which rises in the Himalaya mountains, to the west of the Ganges, and not far from it. It flows through the province of Sreenuggur (or Gurwal), and enters Hindostan Proper in the province of Delhi. It proceeds southward through Delhi and Agra, and falls into the Ganges at Allahabad. From its source to its joining the Ganges, the length of its course is about 700 miles. JUMPTIE, a state pleasure barge, formerly used by the Ameers of Scinde upon the river Indus. JUNGLE, forest, wilderness.

The

term jungle is very ill understood by European readers, who generally associate it with uninhabited forests and almost impenetrable thickets, whereas all the desert and uncultivated parts of India, whether covered with wood or merely suffered to run to waste, are styled jungles; and jungle-wallah is a term indiscriminately applied to a wild cat, or to a gentleman who has been quartered for a considerable period in some desolate part of the country. Persons who are attached to very small stations in remote places, or who reside in solitary houses, surrounded only by the habitations of the natives, are said to be living in the jungles.

JUNK, or JONK CEYLON, properly, JAN SILAN, a division of the country of Siam. It may be considered as an island, being connected with the main land only by a sandbank, which is overflowed at highwater. It is situated on the western coast of Siam, near the northern entrance of the Straits of Malacca,

in Lat. 8 deg. N. It is forty miles in length, by fifteen in breadth. Inland, the country is mountainous, but towards the coast, low, well supplied with water, and fruitful. The hills are covered with large and useful timber, and the land produces every variety of rice. Tin of the best quality is found in great abundance, and forms a valuable article of commerce. The mines are worked entirely by Chinese settlers. The island is thinly inhabited, having been nearly depopulated in the course of the Burmese invasions; and from 14,000 to 15,000 persons, it is now reduced to not more than 2000, including Chinese. The natives are Booddhists, as in Siam, but there are also some Mahomedans. JUNKS, Chinese trading vessels. JUTS, a tribe, descended from the original Rajpoota inhabitants of the province of Sind, in India, converted at an early period to the Mahomedan faith. They compose the chief military force of the country. JUWANPORE, a town in India, in the province of Allahabad, is situated on the banks of the river Goomtee, about forty miles northwestward of Benares. This was formerly a place of considerable importance, and for a short time the capital of an independent sovereignty, founded by Khaja Juhan, wuzeer to Sultaun Mahmood, Shah of Delhi, who assumed the title of Sultaun Shirkee, and taking possession of Bahar, fixed his residence at Juwanpore. There is here a bridge, remarkable for the skill and solidity of its architecture, which was constructed in the reign of the Emperor Acbar, and still remains perfectly firm.

JUWAUB, literally, "an answer," but familiarly used in Anglo-Indian colloquy to imply a negatur to the matrimonial proposal." He has got his juwaub," or "He has been juwaubbed," denotes the failure of an aspirant to obtain the hand of the object of his devotion.

K.

KABBA, the common Persian gown worn by all classes. KABOB, roast meat. In the Mahomedan bazars, in India, Persia, Turkey, &c., kabobs, or small pieces of meat, roasted or fried upon metal skewers, are sold in abundance. Kabobs, which is only another word for cutlets in the English cuisine, are often served up on European breakfast-tables, fried and curried. KADDIN, or KADEUN, a select Odalisque, chosen, from the 500 reputed to tenant the seraglio, to become the mother of an heir to the Turkish throne. See ODALISQUE. KADDUM (Muccadum), head, head man; one of the numerous terms used in the peninsula of India to designate the head man of a village. KAFFIR. In the Persian language this word is used to indicate an infidel, or unbeliever in Mahomed. At the Cape of Good Hope it implies the Hottentot race. KAIMAKAN, a Turkish title, a deputy lieutenant or governor of a city. The grand vizier's vicegerent. KAIRA, a town, in the province of Guzerat, in India, situated about forty miles to the north of Cambay, in Lat. 22 deg. 47 min. N., Long. 72 deg. 48 min. E. It is a large and neat town, the capital of the eastern division of the British territories in Guzerat, and the principal military station in the province. KALASHY, an Indian menial. His

business is, properly speaking, confined either to what relates to camp equipage, or to the management of the sails and rigging on board a budjrow or river boat. In the former instance he is expected to understand how to set up tents of every description; to pack and unpack; to load and unload; to make tent-pins; to sew the taut (or canvass bags), in which each part of a tent is generally enclosed when on the ele

phant, camel, bullock, or cart, by which it is conveyed; to handle a phourah, or mattock, to level the interior; and, in short, to complete the whole preparation within and without. Many kalashies are extremely expert in all the foregoing duties, and are, besides, excellent domestics; not hesitating to perform a variety of services about a house, such as swinging the punkah (or great fan), suspended in most dining-halls, rattaning the bottoms of chairs, helping to arrange and to clean furniture, and doing besides the duties of hurkaruhs or peons. This general assemblage of useful talents, no doubt, renders the kalashy an important servant. As a public servant, whether attached to the artillery, or to a quartermaster's establishment, his merits are equally conspicuous. His duty in the above instance, is, however, by no means trifling during the whole day he is employed generally in the arsenal or the store-room, or the artillery shed; or, eventually, in drawing timbers, cannon, &c., on transport carriages, mounting or dismounting great guns, cleaning arms, working in the laboratory, piling or serving out shot, with a million of et ceteras in the various branches of that department. Whether attached to the train, or serving with a regiment of infantry or cavalry, the kalashy (or, as he is often termed while in the public service, the lascar) must be adroit in whatever relates to camp equipage, making up ammunition of all kinds, sorting stores, packing, loading, serving, and drawing field-pieces, limbering, yoking the cattle, marking out lines for a camp, and, in short, whatever relates either to the ordnance, or to the quartermaster's duties. The kalashies on board budgerows, which are generally of the pinnace or keeled kind, may be placed nearly on a footing with those retained by individuals, allowing for a certain imitation of the public servant, and a smattering in what re

lates to the management of sails. This class is by no means numerous, being confined entirely to the aquatic equipages of great men one of this description is by no means flattered when directed to handle an oar on board the budgerow, though he prides himself in rowing a jolly-boat furnished with oars on the European plan.

KÄLEAUN, a small kind of hookah,

used in Persia and on the west coast of India. It has a larger bottom in general than the hookah, and consists of a cone of rosin, firmly cemented to the bottom of the kaleaun by heat; the several leaves, branches, flowers, birds, &c., are introduced one after the other in a heated state, and applied to the rosin, in which they become so fixed as sufficiently to retain a firm hold. Some of the real Persian kaleauns exhibit considerable ingenuity and taste on the part of their manufacturers. In the centre of the interior bunches of flowers, beautifully coloured, far too large and too delicate to have been introduced at the embouchures of the vessels, may be seen. Over these the glass, which is rarely of the best quality, has evidently been cast or blown. Many of these artificial bouquets are, however, made piecemeal.

KALI (Parvati), in the mythology of the Hindoos, the consort of Siva, in his destroying character of Time. As such she is painted of a black, or dark blue complexion. In one hand she holds the exterminating sword; in another a human head; a third points downward, indicating, according to some, the destruction which surrounds her; and the other is raised upwards in allusion to the future regeneration of nature by a new creation. Whatever her gestures may import, the image of this goddess is truly horrid, as are the devotional rites performed in honour of her. Her wild dishevelled hair, reaching to her feet, her necklace of human

heads, the wildness of her countenance, the tongue protruded from her distorted mouth, her cincture of blood-stained hands, and her position on the body of Siva, altogether convey in blended colours so powerful a personification of that dark character she is pretended to portray, that whatever we may think of their tastes, we cannot deny to the Hindoos our full credit for the possession of most extraordinary and fertile powers of imagination. Kali is also called the goddess of cemeteries, under which form she is described dancing with the infant Siva in her arms, surrounded by ghosts and goblins (likewise dancing), in a cemetery amongst the dead. To this ferocious goddess sanguinary sacrifices are made. The Kalika Purana, which details in due order and with much precision the different descriptions of animals that are to be sacrificed, and the length of time by which this insatiate lady will be gratified and kept in good humour by each, ordains, that one man (or a lion) will please her for 1000 years; but by the immolation of three men she will graciously condescend to be pleased 100,000 years. At present, her smiles are not courted for so long a period, by any other sacrifices than those of animals; kids are usually sacrificed, which the priests allege immediately ascend to the heaven of Indra, and become musicians in his band. KALLIANEE, a populous town in India, in the province of Aurungabad,

situated about thirty miles to the north-eastward of Bombay. KALLINJER, a town in the province of Allahabad, in India, situated in Lat. 25 deg. 6 min. N., Long. 80 deg. 25 min. E. It is a large open town, with an extensive and stronglybuilt hill fort. The latter, however, is now dismantled, having been taken by the British in 1812, after a bloody siege, and subsequently destroyed.

KALMUKS, orCALMUK TARTARS,