the sea; south, the Pennar, dividing it from Central Carnatic; and west, the eastern mountains, separating it from the Ceded Districts. It is divided into the districts of Ongole, and part of Nellore. The rivers are the Gundigama, which flows into the sea near Moodapilly, the Pennar, and several small streams. Towards its western boundary this province is hilly, but for the greater part it is level and open, and tolerably fertile. Rice and other grains are cultivated, but the chief article of product is salt, which is manufactured in large quantities on the coast for exportation. There are also copper-mines. In Hindoo geography this province formed part of what was denominated the Undra Desum. Its present name of Carnatic has been given to it by the English, on account of its being included in the dominions of the Nabob of the Carnatic, though properly not applicable to it. CARNATIC, SOUTHERN. The boundaries of this province are on the north the Cavery, and Coleroon, separating it from Salem and Central Carnatic; east, the sea; south, the Gulf of Manar; west, Travancore and Coimbatoor. The following are its principal districts: Trichinopoly, Tanjore, Tondiman's Country, Dindigul, Madura, and Tinnevelly. The rivers are the Coleroon, Cavery, Vyparoo, and several smaller streams. This province presents great variety of appearance. The districts of Trichinopoly and Tanjore are level and open, well watered and fertile, particularly Tanjore. Tondiman's Country consists for the greater part of thick jungle. Dindigul and Madura are mountainous and wooded, well watered and fertile. Tinnevelly is level and open. The productions are rice, tobacco, cotton, and jaggery, the latter two articles principally in Tinnevelly. There are elephants in the southern and western parts of Madura and Dindigul. The principal towns are Trichinopoly, Tanjore,

Combaconum, Tranquebar, Nagore, Negaputam, Poodoocotta, Dindigul, Sholavandrum, Madura, Shevagunga, Ramund, Tinnevelly, Palamcottah, and Tuticorin. This province has its present general name of Southern Carnatic from the English. There is no native name applicable to it as a whole.

CAROOR is situated on the northern bank of the river Amravutti, in the province of Coimbatoor, not far from the Cavery, and about fifty miles westerly from Trichinopoly. The Amravutti being the ancient boundary between the dominions of Mysore and Trichinopoly, Caroor was formerly a place of considerable commerce, and is still a neat, pleasant town.

CARWANUK, the bustard florikan. It is a common bird in India all the year round, but not much esteemed by sportsmen. CASHMERE. Cashmere is bounded on the north and south-east by the Himalaya mountains, separating it from Thibet; and on the east, south, and west by Lahore. Its principal river is the Jelum, which traverses it from east to west. There are also numerous smaller streams and lakes, many of them navigable for boats, affording means of communication, and copiously watering the province throughout. Cashmere consists of a valley, of an oval form, about 60 miles from north to south, and 110 miles from east to west, surrounded on all sides by lofty mountains. There is a tradition, which seems from appearances to be well founded, that the whole of this valley was once the bed of a large lake. It is generally of a level surface, and is celebrated throughout Asia for the beauty of its situation, the fertility of its soil, and the pleasantness of its climate. Earthquakes are, however, frequent, and on this account the houses are usually built of wood. This province yields abundant crops of rice. It also produces wheat, barley, and other grains; various kinds of fruits

and flowers common to Europe, as well as those generally found in Asia; sugar, wine, and a superior kind of saffron. Iron, of an excellent quality, is found in the mountains. Cashmere is famous for the manufacture of very fine shawls. The wool of which these are made is brought from Thibet, and prepared in Cashmere. The natives are likewise very clever in all kinds of lacquered ware and cabinet-work, and they make the best writing-paper in Asia. The principal towns are Cashmere and Islamabad. The natives of Cashmere, or, as they are generally denominated, Cashmerians, are partly of Hindoo, and partly of Afghan and Moghul origin. They are a stout, well-formed people, of a gay and lively disposition, and much addicted to literature and poetry. The Cashmerian females have always been noted for their beauty and their fair complexions, and were formerly much sought after for wives by the Moghul noblemen of Delhi. The mountains are inhabited by tribes entirely distinct from the Cashmerians of the valley, but scarcely any thing is yet known about them. The total population of the valley is supposed to be about 600,000. It is governed by a Sikh Sirdar.

CASHMERE, formerly called Sreenuggur, is the capital of the province of Cashmere. It is situated on both banks of the river Jelum, in Lat. 33 deg. 23 min. N., Long. 74 deg. 47 min. E., and contains about 150,000 inhabitants. CASTE, tribe, breed, from the Portuguese word casta, a breed. The Hindoo religion divides the people into castes. CATAMARAN, a small boat, or, rather, a log of wood, on which certain amphibious natives of the Coromandel coast traverse the sea. There is much communication between the shipping and the shore at Madras by means of these small craft. They accommodate but a

single individual, who either sits across them, or squats, tailorfashion, employing a single paddle to direct and propel the vessel. It is amazing to observe the rapidity and ease with which the adventurous navigator rights his craft and resumes his position after being capsized by a hostile wave. CATTIE, a Chinese measure, used in computing quantities of tea. CAUZEE, or CAZI, a Mahomedan judge, or justice, who occasionally officiates also as a public notary, in attesting deeds, by affixing his name thereto. He is the same officer whom in Turkey is called Cadi.

CAVERY, the. This river rises in the western hills of Koorg, near the province of Malabar, and runs eastwards through Mysore, Coimbatoor, and Southern Carnatic. At Trichinopoly it divides into two branches: the northern branch is named the Coleroon, and flows into the Bay of Bengal at Devicotta. The southern branch retains the name of the Cavery, and flows through Tanjore by a number of channels into the Bay of Bengal.

CAWNEY, a Madras measure, equal to 1.3223 acres. CAWNPORE, or KHANPOOR, is situated on the west side of the Ganges, which is here more than a mile broad, in Lat. 26 deg. 30 min. N., Long. 80 deg. 13 min. E. It is a modern town, and one of the principal military stations in the province of Allahabad to which circumstance it owes its rise. The neighbouring gardens produce abundance of grapes, peaches, and other European fruits and vegetables. CELEBES. This is a large island, of very irregular shape, extending from Lat. 2 deg. N. to nearly 6 deg. S., and from Long. 119 deg. to 125 deg. E., and lying east of Borneo, from which it is separated by the Straits of Macassar. It is divided into a number of independent states, of which the principal are Boni and Macassar. Its principal articles of

It

export are gold, cotton cloths, sago, cassia, pearls, and sea-slug. The small island of Bootoon, at the southeastern extremity of Celebes, also produces the bread-fruit. The principal towns are Macassar and Boni. By the natives, and by the Malays, this island is called Negree Ourang Buggess, or the "Buggessman's Country," and sometimes "Thana Macassar." It received its European name of Celebes from the Portuguese. It contains several distinct tribes of inhabitants, of which the principal are the Buggesses and the Macassees. CEYLON, an island, situated at the entrance of the Bay of Bengal. It lies between 6 deg. and 10 deg. of N. Lat. and between 80 deg. and 82 deg. E. Long. Its extreme length is about 240 miles, and the breadth varies from forty to 170 miles. is called Lanka, or Lanka Dwipa (the island of Lanka), by the Cingalese, who are the inhabitants of the interior, and of the southern parts of the islands, Ilangee by the Tamulians, who are the inhabitants of the north, It was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans under the name of Taprobane. The east shore is in many places bold and rocky. The north and north-west are low and flat. The south and south-east are much elevated, and have a very picturesque appearance. The interior abounds with immense jungles, lofty mountains, extensive, rich, and well watered plains. The annual range of the thermometer is from 76 deg. to 86 deg. at Colombo, on the west coast; from 70 deg. to 87 deg. at Galle, on the south coast; from 70 deg. to 90 deg. at Jaffna, on the north coast; and from 74 deg. to 91 deg. at Trincomalee, on the east coast. At Kandy, in the centre of the island, it ranges from 66 deg. to 86 deg. At Nuwara Eliya, fifty miles south-east of Kandy, in the middle of the day, the thermometer seldom exceeds 73 deg., and in the nights in December and January, 1836-37, it was some

times as low at 28 deg. There are four large rivers (besides many secondary ones), all of which take their rise in the range of mountains, the centre of which is Adam's Peak. They are the Mahawæli Ganga, the Kalu Ganga, the Kalani Ganga, and the Walawa Gangą. The chief harbours in Ceylon are Colombo, on the west coast (in the form of a semicircle, not capable of containing ships of more than 200 tons burden); Trincomalee, on the east coast; a harbour so large and commodicus, that it has been said the whole navy of England could ride in it with perfect safety; and Galle, on the south coast. In the inner harbour, ships may lie in security all parts of the year, as the high lands on all sides shelter it from every wind. The outer roads are spacious. The chief towns of Ceylon are the following: Colombo (Kolamba, in the native language), the English capital, on the west coast, in Lat. 6 deg. 57 min. N., and Long. 80 deg. E. The fort is situated on a small projection of land, washed on three sides by the sea. The ramparts are strong. There is a deep fosse on the side that is not washed by the sea. Over this are two drawbridges, one near the south gate, leading to the Galle Face, the other on the east, leading to the Pettah, outside or native town. The streets, of which there are four principal ones, and along each side of which are rows of fine old Suriya, or tulip trees, cut each other at right angles. The public buildings in the fort are the Governor's house, the English church, a library well stocked with books of all kinds, but open only to the civil, military, and ecclesiastical servants of government, a general post-office, the government offices, a hospital, medical museum, and numerous shops and offices, &c., belonging to English and native merchants. A lake almost insulates the fort. In the centre of this lake is a tongue of land, called Slave Island, being the

place where the Dutch used to keep their slaves. The Pettah, or outside town, is regularly built, and divided into numerous streets. In the Pettah are situated the supreme court, the magistrate's court, the cutchery, the Dutch church, a lofty building erected in 1746, on a hill in the centre of the Pettah, a Malabar, or Tamul church, called St. Thomas's, another church called St. Paul's, built by government in 1816, for the use of the Portuguese Protestants; several churches and chapels belonging to the Roman Catholics, and chapels belonging to the Wesleyan Methodist and Baptist missionaries. The population of Colombo, consisting of English, Dutch, Portuguese, Cingalese, Moormen, Malays, Parsees, Chinese, Tamulians, and Caffres, is estimated at about 35,000. Three English judges preside over the supreme court of Colombo. The criminal sessions are held four times a year. In other places the sessions are held twice a year. According to the charter granted to the island in 1833, one of the three judges must always remain in Colombo. The magistrates of the district courts have no power to condemn a person to suffer death, to be transported, to be imprisoned more than a year, to suffer more than 100 lashes, or to be fined more than ten pounds. In all cases there is a right of appeal from the smaller courts to the supreme court, and the governor has the power to reverse the sentence of the supreme court. In any case of more than five hundred pounds, the parties, by giving security to the amount of three hundred pounds, can appeal to the Queen of England. The government of Ceylon is vested in a governor (with a salary of 70007 a year), assisted by two councils, the legislative and executive councils, the members of both of which are, except in three or four instances, servants of government. The military force of Ceylon consists of 3500

or 4000 men, about two-thirds of whom are Europeans, and the rest Malays, Caffres, &c. The ecclesiastical establishment consists of an archdeacon, under whom are five European chaplains and five native chaplains. The roads from Colombo to Kandy, seventy-two miles into the interior, and from Colombo to Galle, seventy-two miles along the coast southwards, are nearly as good as the roads in England, and mail coaches run daily to both of these places. To other parts of the island the mails are carried by men. Large tracts of land in almost every part of the country, and particularly in the southern and central parts of the island, have been purchased of government by English merchants and others at the rate of five shillings an acre. Parts of these have been cleared and planted with coffee, or cinnamon, or sugar cane, the produce of which has far more than realised the expectations of the purchasers in most instances. Some also of the richer natives, seeing the success that has attended the speculations of the European merchants, have imitated their good example, and there is every reason to believe that in the course of a few years the wild beasts of the jungles will be driven away from their fastnesses by the advances of civilisation, and that tracts of jungles and mountains, now altogether useless, or than useless, will soon be brought under cultivation, and will yield their fruit in its season for the benefit of man. Compulsory labour, which was almost as great a hindrance to the improvement of the natives as slavery itself, has been abolished. Ceylon abounds with minerals and precious stones, iron ore, mica, plumbago, nitre, mercury, salt, the ruby, cat's eye, hyacinth, sapphire, topaz, the adamantine spar, Matura diamond, the tourmaline, and the amethyst. There is a great variety of quadrupeds in Ceylon. The jungles and mountains

worse

are literally filled with elephants. Tamed ones are used in common. Buffaloes are as common as cows in England. In some parts they are wild. The breed of native cattle is small. The horses used in Ceylon are chiefly those brought from Arabia, the coast of India, and the Cape of Good Hope, and some few from England. Sheep and goats abound chiefly in the north of the island. Among wild animals may be reckoned leopards, bears, elk, deer, hogs, jackals, polecats, porcupines, wild cats, different kinds of monkeys, squirrels, musk rats, and field rats. Among reptiles and insects may be mentioned the tortoise, large and small guana, rock snake, cobra capella, polonga, rat snake, alligator,lizard, chameleon, tarantula, beetles of various kinds, scorpion, grasshopper, musquito, wasp, firefly, glow-worm, eye-fly, black, white, and red ant, land and water leech, and centipede. The plumage of the feathered tribes is very brilliant. Among the birds may be enumerated the wild peacock, kite, vulture, various kinds of owls, heron, wild red or jungle cock, snipe, kingfisher, crane, a species of the bird of paradise, wood-pecker, water-hen, green parrot, teal, minah, myriads of sparrows, and millions of crows. The principal inhabitants of the island of Ceylon are the Cingalese. They inhabit all the interior of the island, as well as the maritime parts, and may with the greatest propriety be considered the Aborigines. The Cingalese are kind, mild in their manners, and hospitable. The better educated amongst them, who have learnt the English language, are employed by the government in various offices of great responsibility. Though the Cingalese profess, as the majority of them do, the doctrines of the Budhist religion, in which no distinction of caste is recognised, yet they do observe caste with the nicest punctuality. They are divided into twenty-one castes.

Feelings of the most intolerable pride, on the one hand, and of the most abject humiliation on the other, are generated and kept alive from age to age by the system of caste, which sets every man's heart as well as hand against his brother. There is little domestic intercourse between persons of different castes, and it is considered a great disgrace and degradation for a man or woman to marry a person of a lower caste than their own. There is little in their outward appearance to distinguish persons of one caste from those of another. In the maritime parts persons of some of the low castes are not allowed to wear combs in their hair, or jackets, or shoes and stockings, as those of the high castes do. In personal appearance the Cingalese are good looking: they have bright black eyes, long black hair, which persons of both sexes turn up behind, and fasten in a knot, which they call a "cundy."

The

men wear above their cundies large square combs of tortoise shell, underneath which is a small semicircular one. Young unmarried women are generally to be distinguished from married women by having a small semicircular comb in their hair above their cundies. The insides of their hands and the soles of their feet are white, the rest of the body black. The people of the interior seldom shave their beards, while those on the sea-coast do. When a young man undergoes the operation of shaving for the first time, he always gives a feast to his friends. The dress of the Cingalese is very neat, and remarkably well adapted to the country. The head men in the low countries generally wear comboy, which is a piece of cloth about three yards long, wrapped round the waist, and fastened by a broad band or strong belt. Their shirts reach only just within the top of the comboy, where they are bound tight with it. The dress for the upper part of the body is a waistcoat

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