and jacket. The married women among the Cingalese in general do all the household work, and go to the bazars to sell the produce of their gardens. They are also much engaged in weeding the paddy (rice, when growing) crops, cutting the kurakkan, and other "fine grains," when ripe, planting and digging up the sweet potatoe, &c. They carry all their goods on their heads in baskets. A poor woman may be seen with a basket load of the produce of her garden on her head, and carrying one little child astride on her hip, supported by one of her arms passing across its back, and with another little child dragging her comboy on the other side. The men never carry burdens on their heads. They have an elastic piece of wood called alkata or kat-li, generally made of the areka tree, about five feet long and three inches broad, made very smooth, and a little tapering towards each end, where there is a notch. To each end they tie their loads of paddy, rice, &c., and carry it across their shoulders. CHABOOK, a whip. Before wise governors had insisted upon a recognition of the personal liberty of the natives and a proper treatment of all classes by the Europeans in India, the "whip" was a common instrument of coercion, used alike to punish servants or chastise the insolence of a poor trader who dared to ask for his due, or declined to part with his goods without prompt payment. CHABOOK-SOWAR, literally, whip-horseman, a rough rider. CHAKURAN, service lands, from chakur, a servant, CHALIERS, a distinct class of people, employed on the island of Ceylon to prepare the spice from the cinnamon tree. Procuring bunches of about three feet in length, they scrape off the rough bark with knives, and then, with another instrument, strip off the inner rind in long slips. These are tied up in bundles, and put to dry in the sun, and the wood

a

is sold for fuel. The caste of the Chaliers or "peeler" is very low, and it would be considered a degradation for any other to follow the same business.

CHALL, the Turkish term for a shawl.

CHANDA, situated eighty miles southward from Nagpore, in the province of Gondwana, is a populous and strongly fortified town, equal in size to Nagpore, and has generally been the principal dépôt of the Mahratta government in this province. CHANDALAS, pariahs; outcasts, Hindoos who have violated some leading principle in the Hindoo religion. CHANDERNAGORE, distant sixteen miles from Calcutta, on the west bank of the Hoogly, belongs to the French. It contains about 45,000 inhabitants. It is a place of no sort of importance.

CHANDOOR, a fortified town, commanding the principal pass into Aurungabad, and situated in Lat. 20 deg. 19 min. N., Long. 74 deg. 19 min. E.

CHANDRA, or SOMA, the moon. In Hindoo mythology it is described as a male, and is painted young, beautiful, and of dazzling fairness; twoarmed, and having in his hands a club and a lotus. He is usually riding on or in a car drawn by an antelope. Being a Kettrie, he is of the warrior caste. It is held fortunate to be born under this planet, as the individual will possess many friends, together with the high distinctions and enjoyments of life. Soma presides over Somvor, or Monday. CHAPER KHANEH, a place in Persia, where post-horses are held in readiness for the service of the government.

CHARPOYS, small beds in use among all classes of natives of India, and not unfrequently used by officers in camp, because of their portable character. They consist of a square or oblong wooden frame, resting upon four stout legs, cotton tape being stretched

and laid across to receive a mat, a goodry, or other bedding. CHARVEDAR, a mule driver with a caravan in Persia or Turkey. CHATTAH, an umbrella or parasol.

These very necessary protections from the Indian sun are of all sizes and materials. The overseer who is much exposed in going over works and plantations, the engineer superintending the construction of buildings, the sportsman in his howdah on the elephant's back, the functionary who has frequently to go from shore to ship, are usually attended by a coolie, who bears a broad chattah formed of the talipot or dried plantain leaf over his head. The natives use silk or cotton umbrellas, excepting at Bombay, Madras, and Ceylon, where a Chinese parasol, formed of paper spread on ribs of bamboo, and varnished black, is exceedingly popular.

CHATTY, an earthen pot of a globular

form, with a short neck. Chatties preserve water at a cool temperature, and being partially porous, free it of many of its impurities before use. Several chatties of water form the shower bath of a European in those houses which are not furnished with one of the ordinary mechanical contrivances.

CHECKS, screens to keep out the glare. These agreeable addenda to Indian habitations are formed of bamboo lathes or strips, from four to six feet in length, and about the thickness of a very large knittingneedle, or, perhaps, of a crowquill. A thin, clean-worked lath, of the same material, is put at the top and bottom. The checks are generally painted green or reddish brown, and are suspended to the windows, doors, and entrances of tents. CHEECHEE, a word used offensively, to designate the half-castes or country borns (Eurasians, q. v.) It takes its origin in every-day expressions of the country born ladies, synonymous with "Oh fie!"-"Nonsense"-" For shame," &c.

CHEETA, the spotted leopard. These animals, which abound in the jungles of Hindostan, are caught when young and trained by the native chieftains to hunt antelopes. They are brought out upon a wheeled platform blindfolded and restrained; the bandage being removed from their eyes, and the antelope then allowed plenty of law, they are let loose upon the animal and speedily succeed in bringing it down. This is a popular up-country sport. CHELA, a disciple, or follower. CHELLAUN, Hindostanee. A waybill, provided by postmasters in India as a check to travellers, government messengers, carriers, &c., who have contracted to perform a given distance in a certain time.

CHENAB, the largest of the five rivers forming the Punjab. It rises in the Himalayas, eastward of Cashmere, and flowing south-westerly, is joined by the Jelum at Trimoo Ghaut. Lower down, about 50 miles north of Mooltan, it receives the Ravee, and a little above Ooch it is joined by the Sutlej, or, as it is also called at this part, the Garra, whence it flows south-westerly into the Indus at Mittun. The Chenab is considered to be the Acesines of the Greeks. CHENNA, parched grain, a favourite condiment among the Hindoos when it is mixed with lime-juice and pepper.

CHERA POONJEE, a small English station in the Cossai hills, about 20 miles to the north of Silhet. CHERRY MERRY, the vulgar phrase for Buxis, or Bukshish (presents), chiefly, if not solely, in use in Western India. 66 Cherry Merry Bamboo" is a pleasant phrase for a thrashing with a bamboo. CHIAOUSHES, Turkish or Persian. Messengers or heralds.

CHIBOUK, a long Turkish pipe, the stem of which is formed of cherry wood or ebony, the mouth-piece of amber, and the bowl of baked earth

enware.

CHICACOLE, a district of the North

ern Circars. It was anciently designated the Kalinga Desum. It is the largest of the Circars. It is generally hilly, well watered, having four rivers flowing into the sea at Kalingapatam, Chicacole, Bimlipatam, and Vizigapatam, besides some smaller streams, and very fertile. CHICACOLE. This town is situated

a little distance inland, on the northern bank of a river of the same name in the district of Chicacole, in the Northern Circars. By the Mahomedans it was named Mafooz Bundur. It is noted for the manufacture of muslins. CHIKARA, the Indian ravine deer. CHIKOR, a large bird, of the partridge kind, bigger than the red grouse, found in the jungles and corn-fields of India, at the foot of the hills. CHILLAW, Persian. Plain, boiled rice. CHILLUM, the bowl of the hookah and the ingredients placed therein for smoking purposes. The prepared tobacco, and the charcoal ball (ghool) constitute a chillum. CHILLUMBRUM.

This is a large and populous town, situated on the coast, thirty-six miles south from Pondicherry, in the province of Central or Middle Carnatic, and not far from the river Coleroon. There is an extensive indigo factory at this place, and the islands in the Coleroon are covered with the indigo plant. It is also celebrated on account of its pagodas, which are large and ancient. About a mile to the north of Chillumbrum are the remains of Porto Novo, formerly a large and wealthy town, but destroyed by Hyder Ali when he invaded the Carnatic in 1782. It is still a place of some trade. CHILLUMCHEE. See GHINDY. CHIN-CHIN, a familiar complimentary salutation in use among the Chinese of Canton and other ports. CHINNU MUSTUKA, in Hindoo mythology, is a form of Parvati as Kali, and the sacti of Siva, in the form of Kapali.

CHIT, a corruption of the Hindoo term Chit, hee (loosely pronounced Chitty),

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which in English means "a letter," be the same short or long, for there are not in India any such epistolary distinctions as correspond with our "notes," letters," &c. Throughout the British eastern territories, verbal messages by servants are almost unknown, so that chits are flying about towns and cantonments all day long, and the peons or sepoys are kept in constant employment as the bearers of these despatches. The chit is often sent open, and the reply returned" per bearer" on the same sheet of paper, to save time. CHITTACK, the lowest denomination of the gross weights. It weighs one ounce, seventeen pennyweights and twelve grains troy. CHITTAGONG, or properly Islamabad, is a seaport, situated in Lat. 22 deg. 22 min. N., Long. 91 deg. 42 min. E. It is a place of considerable trade, particularly for teak and other woods, and numbers of large ships are constructed in its dockyards. About twenty miles to the northward of Islamabad is a hot spring, called Seetakoond, and about eight miles from Seetakoond there is a small volcano. CHITTLEDROOG, a fortified town and strong hill-fort, the capital of the district of Chittledroog, in the province of Mysore. It is situated in Lat. 14 deg. 4 min. N., Long. 76 deg. 30 min. E. By the natives it is called "Seetla Doorg," which signifies "the spotted fortress," and also Chuttra kul, "the umbrella rock." The fort stands on a cluster of rocky hills, the highest peak of which is about 800 feet above the plain. The ascent is partly by steps, and partly by notches, cut in the steep and smooth surface of the rock. There are in the fort two fine tanks of water, several pagodas, and a deep well sunk in the rock as a magazine for ghee. Chittledroog is famous for the variety and excellence of its fruits. In a dell among the mountains, a short distance to the west of Chittledroog, there is a curious suite

of dark subterranean apartments, which probably were formerly the habitations of devotees. CHITTOOR, in the province of Central Carnatic. This town is situated in the hills, about eighty miles west from Madras. It was formerly one of several small pollans, or hill districts, and came into the possession of the English in 1801, though the Polygars, or hill chiefs, were not finally subdued till 1804. CHITTORE stands in Lat. 24 deg. 52 min. N., Long. 74 deg. 45 min. E. This was for many centuries the capital of the principality of Odeypoor, and much celebrated for its strength and riches. It was several times captured by the Mahomedans, but was never permanently retained by them. It is still a fine town, and contains many temples and other buildings remarkably well constructed, particularly two towers of white marble, about 100 feet high, and finely carved, dedicated to Siva. The fort, which was formerly considered one of the strongest in India, stands on a steep rock overlooking the town, and about four miles in length.

CHOBDAR, or silver pole-bearer. A retainer of persons of consequence; sometimes only one, but usually two are employed, and even four may be seen in the retinue of very exalted characters, such as judges, members of council, collectors, &c. The pole, or chobe, borne by these functionaries is about four feet and a half in length, tapering gradually, from the metal ferule at its base, to the top, which is usually about four inches in diameter, and embossed with figures, such as a tiger's head, &c., while the rest, for the whole length, is of some pattern, such as volutes, scales, flowers, &c. The pole consists of a staff, perhaps three quarters of an inch in diameter, spreading towards its top, so as to assimilate to the form of the exterior case, which is of solid wrought silver, often weighing 150 rupees or more. The chob

dar is generally a man of some prudence, versed in all the ceremonies of court etiquette. He stands at the inner door of the audience, or receiving apartments, announcing the approach of visitors, and conducting them to the presence. The chobe being in itself of some value, and the office of considerable trust in many instances, it is usual for this servant to give adequate security, by means of creditable persons, who vouch for, and take upon themselves, the actual responsibility regarding his conduct. Besides the duty of announcing visitors, chobdars run before the palankeens, or occupy seats with the coachman on the carriages of their employers. They likewise carry messages, or notes, on formal occasions, especially to superiors.

CHOITUNYA, the founder of the sect of Gosains.

CHOKEEDAR, a watchman; an officer who keeps watch at a customhouse station, and receives tolls and customs. They are a corrupt body of officers, and as frequently serve to cloak as to detect crimes and misdemeanors. CHOKEEDAREE, the duty, or pay of a watchman; a tax for defraying the expense of watchmen. CHOKY, or CHOWKIE, a chair, seat; guard, watch; the station of a guard or watchman; a place where an officer is stationed to receive tolls and customs.

CHOOP! contraction of Chooprao, to be silent. When domestics in India make a noise, whilst you sigh for quiet, it is common to call out choop."

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CHOP, a Chinese word, indicating quality; first chop denotes superiority. CHOULTRY, a covered public building, generally of hewn stone, often

richly carved and ornamented, for the accommodation of travellers. CHOUMONKA DEVI, a mountain in the province of Kemaon, 7,800 feet high.

CHOW-CHOW, a Chinese word, indi

cating a mixture of any kind. Applied particularly to pickles and viands. CHOWDRY, a permanent superintendent and receiver of the land revenue under the Hindu system, whose office has been partly superseded by the Zemindars. CHOW-PATTIES, unleavened bread,

generally made of wheaten or of barley meal; which, being made into a good dough, is flattened into cakes between the hands. Such cakes are then either put at the edges of the heated choolah, or fire-place, or they are baked upon a convex plate of iron, circular, and about ten inches or a foot in diameter. This plate, called a towah, is precisely the same as the girdle made in Scotland for baking their oaten bread, and is used in the same manner. CHOWRIE, a whisk, made by fastening horse-hair to a short stick, commonly lacquered in rings of alternate colours. This implement is used to drive the flies away. CHUBOOTUR, a terrace raised in some elevated place in India. CHUDDER, a long piece of cloth, of every variety of material (muslin, cambric, silk, &c.), worn by the women of Hindostan to envelop the head, neck, shoulders, and entire person. It extends somewhat below the knee, and is thrown across the body, supported on the shoulder, forming folds resembling those of the Roman toga.

CHULL, Hindostanee. An abbrevia

tion of Chullo, or "Go along." A word in common use to stimulate the motions of a Hindoo servant. CHUMBUL, a river in the province of

Malwa, which flows northward into Ajmeer, where it turns to the eastward into Agra, and falls into the Jumna. CHUMPANEER, in the province of Guzerat, is a hill fortress situated upon a large mountain, or rock, rising about 2500 feet above the surrounding level plain. At its foot there are the remains of an ancient city, the ruins of which extend for

several miles round, said to have been the capital of a Hindoo principality long prior to the first Mahomedan invasion. CHUNAM, lime.

The

CHUNDRIKA, Hindostanee. rays of the moon. CHUPPA-KHANEH, a printing-office. Printing is now carried on to a great extent in the East Indies; at each Presidency there are numerous newspapers published in the English and native languages, together with magazines, pamphlets, and works of all kinds. The Government and the Missionary establishments likewise support many printing presses for the purpose of multiplying copies of regulations, school books, translations of the Scriptures, &c., for dissemination among the natives. The compositors are natives.

CHUPPAO, a foray, or plundering ex

cursion. The term is in use in Persia, Tartary, and Afghanistan. CHUPRASSY, Hindostanee. A messenger; a police peon. CHURRAGHEE, allowances for oil for the lamps burnt in the tombs of reputed saints.

CHURRAUG, or CHERAUG, a small shallow earthen lamp, nearly in the shape of a heart, and about three inches in diameter. It is placed in one of the numerous niches made in the inner walls of native houses in India, at perhaps, four feet above the floor. The wicks are chiefly formed of slips of rag, rolled up to the thickness of a goose quill, and deposited in a small pool of cocoanut oil. A larger description of churraug is used for nautches in the open air or public illuminations. It is then placed on a stem of wood, having a broad base, or a cross to support it, and a small block at its summit, hollowed out to receive the bottom of the lamp. Some use brass apparatus, not unlike the beacon fires in vogue in England a few centuries

ago.

CHURUK POOJA, a Hindoo festival deriving its name Churuk (or chakra),