of

holding a vase-shaped bottom by its neck, and drawing through a stiff, instead of a pliant pipe, formed of a reed, arched into such a shape as should conduct its end conveniently to the mouth. GOORKAH, the mountaineer Nepaul. Since the British campaign | in Nepaul, a good understanding has been established with these hill people, and they now freely enter the native army, and are among the most faithful, active, and courageous of our troops. In the battles on the Sutlej, in 1845-46, the Goorka battalion particularly distinguished itself. Beside the musket or rifle, the Goorkas carry kookrees, formidable couteaux-de-chasse, with which they encounter a foe at close quarters, or despatch a wounded man. GOORKHA, a city in India, in the province of Nepaul, is situated in Lat. 27 deg. 52 min. N., Long. 84 deg. 22 min. E. This was formerly the capital of the Goorkhas, before the formation of the present kingdom of Nepaul.

GOOROO, a grave and pious man; the spiritual guide of a Hindoo. GOOTY, a strong hill fort in India,

in the province of Balaghat, about forty-five miles east of Bellary. The highest part of the rock is 1000 feet above the surrounding plain. GORACCO, smoking paste, the material used in the hookahs, kalleeons, nargheels, &c., of the residents in Bombay and other parts of Western India.

GOSAEES, or GOSAINS, a sect of mendicants. They perform the ceremonials of marriage and other rites among themselves. They will also, contrary to the usual customs of the Hindoos, dissolve a marriage with as much facility, on an application from the parties. The Gosaees observe none of the Hindoo festivals, except those of Krishna; but the anniversaries of the deaths of their founders are observed as such. They do not reject the mythology, or the ceremonies of the Hindoos, but they

believe that those of Huree (Krishna) only are necessary.

GRAM, a coarse description of pea, chiefly used in India as food for horses and cattle. It is considered superior in point of nutriment to grass, oats, bran, &c. GRIFFIN, more familiarly griff, is an Anglo-Indian cant term applied to all new comers whose lot has been cast in the East. "A griffin," writes Captain Bellew, in his very pleasant "Memoirs" of one of that class, "is the Johnny Newcome of the East, one whose European manners and ideas stand out in ludicrous relief when contrasted with those which appertain to the new country of his sojourn. The ordinary period of griffinhood is a year, by which time the novus homo, if apt, is supposed to have acquired a sufficient familiarity with the language, habits, customs, and manners of the country, both Anglo-Indian and native, so as to preclude his making himself supremely ridiculous by blunders, gaucheries, and the indiscriminate application of English standards to states of things to which those rules are not always exactly adapted. To illustrate by example:-A good-natured Englishman, who should present a Brahmun, who worships the cow, with a bottle of beef-steak sauce, would be decidedly 'griffined,' particularly if he could be made acquainted with the nature of the gift."

GRUNT'H, the sacred book of the Sikhs of the Punjaub. It was partly compiled by the author of their religion, one Nanuck, an ascetic and inspired teacher, and was continued by his disciples.

GUALIOR, a town in India, in the province of Agra, situated in Lat. 26 deg. 15 min. N., Long. 78 deg. 1 min. E. It is the capital of the Scindia Mahratta territories.

GUAVA, called in Hindostanee Soopri Am, is a fruit of the Psidium Pomiferum and Pyriferum. The fruit is usually thought to be originally from

as much benefited as if he had visited the whole of them. For miles, near every part of the banks of the sacred stream, thousands of Hindoos, of all ages and descriptions, pour down, every night and morning, to bathe in or look at it. Persons in their dying moments are carried to its banks to breathe their last: by which means the deaths of many are frequently accelerated; and instances have been known wherein such events have thereby been actually produced. (They are called "Ghaut murders.") The bodies are thus left to be washed away by the tide; and from on board the ships in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, numbers of them are seen floating down every ebb, with carrion crows and kites about them, feeding upon their entrails. Several festivals are held during the year in honour of Gunga. She is described as a white woman, with a crown on her head, holding a water-lily in one of her hands, and a water vessel in another, riding upon a sea-animal resembling an alligator, or walking on the surface of the water, with a lotus in each hand.

GUNJES, grain-markets.

GUNNY, coarse sacking, very much used in India in the formation of bags for the stowage of rice, nuts, spices, biscuit, and various other articles embarked on ship-board. GUNTOOR, or MOORTIZABAD, a district in the Northern Circars, in the Deccan. It is the most southern of the Circars, and lies between the Kistna on the north, and the Gundigama on the south, separating it from the Northern Carnatic. Its principal article of produce is maize, which forms the chief subsistence of the natives of the district; rice is not plentiful, and cotton is only partially cultivated. There are diamond mines in the district, but they have not produced any for many years. The towns are, Bellumconda, Guntoor, Kondaveer, Nizampatam, and Tunakoonda. About twelve miles east of Tunakoonda is a hill, called Buggul

.khonda, which is supposed to be an extinct volcano. At present it does not possess the least appearance of the kind, but is subject to frequent earthquakes, which are sometimes of sufficient violence to move the houses of the adjacent villages. The present name of this province is of modern origin, and was first applied to it by Europeans, on account of its consisting of several distinct circars, or districts, originally five in number, namely, Kalinga, Rajamundry, Elloor, Moostuffabad, and Moortizabad. Exclusive of a few thousand Mahomedans dispersed in the different towns, the inhabitants of this province are wholly Hindoos, composed chiefly of two classes, originally forming distinct nations ; Ooreeas (q. v.), and the Telingas. The Telingas, or Teloogoos, are the original inhabitants of the district south of the Godavery, and bordering upon the Telingana Desum. Of this class are the Vulmas. By Europeans the Teloogoo people are frequently called "Gentoos," from a Portuguese word signifying Gentiles, or Heathens. The total population of the circars is about three millions. The religion is Hindooism and Mahomedanism; and the language is Ooreea and Teloogoo-the former language_principally in the north-western and northern parts.

GUP, or GUP-SHUP, the origin of gossip, to which, in India, it bears the closest possible affinity. GURRYE, the mud-fish, very similar in form to our miller's-thumb. GURWAL, a province of Hindostan, bounded on the north by the Himalaya Mountains; east, Kumavon; south, Delhi; west, the Jumna, separating it from Sirmoor. Its divisions are Gurwal, the sources of the Ganges, and Deyra Doon. The rivers are the Ganges, called in this province the Bhagirathi; Alkananda, which joins the Bhagirathi at Devaprayaga, where the two form what is then called the Ganges and the Jumna. The whole of this pro

vince consists of an assemblage of hills, some covered with trees and verdure, others perfectly bare and stony, affording shelter neither for birds nor beasts. The valleys are all narrow, often little more than mere water-courses between the hills. Only a small portion of the country is either populated or cultivated, the larger part being left to the wild animals. There are extensive forests of oak and fir, and also copper-mines of some value. In the mountains, on the north-eastern side of the Deyra Doon, are the stations of Landour and Mussoorie; these have been formed by the English, who resort to them for change of air, the climate being cold and healthful. This province is often called Sreenuggur, from its former capital. The origin of the name Gurwal is not known. The inhabitants are generally termed Khasiyas, but they claim to be considered as the descendants of Hindoos, and reject the former name. The religion of the inhabitants is the Brahminical, and the prevailing language is the Kha

see.

GUTTA PERCHA, a substance ex

tracted from the tuban tree of the Straits of Malacca; it is of a dirty white colour, greasy in texture, and of a leathery scent. It is not affected by boiling alcohol, but when thrown into boiling water becomes soft and plastic, and can be moulded into any shape. It is superior to caoutchouc, and is used for all the purposes to which that elastic commodity is applicable. GUTTIES, dried cow-dung. GUZERAT, a province of Hindostan.

It is bounded on the north by Ajmere; east, Malwa and Khandesh ; south, Aurungabad and the sea; west, the sea and Cutch. The divisions consist of Puttunwara, Ederwara, Doongurpoor, Banswara, Jhutwar, Chowal, Kattwar or the Peninsula, Ahmedabad, Kaira, Soont, Sunawara, Barrea, Barode, Baroach, Rajpeepla, Surat.

The

rivers are the Banas, Subrmuttee, Mhye or Mahe, Nurbudda, and Tuptee. The Banas flows along the north-western frontier into the Run. The Subrmuttee rises in Ajmere, and flows southward into the Gulf of Cambay. The Mhye enters the province in the Banswara district, and flows south-westerly into the Gulf of Cambay. The northern and eastern districts of this province are mountainous, rugged, and jungly. The central districts form an extensive plain, generally well watered, open, and fertile. The south-western portion, forming the division of Kattiwar, or Kattwad, approaches the shape of a peninsula, having an arm of the sea, called the Gulf of Cambay, on its eastern side, the sea on its south, and the Gulf of Cutch on its west. The Gulf of Cambay is about 150 miles in length. The surface of the peninsula in general is hilly, remarkably well watered throughout, and fertile. On the north-west, Guzerat is separated from Cutch by the Run and the Banas river, and the adjacent districts consist chiefly of arid plains, or salt swamps and jungles. The productions are wheat, rice, and other grains, cotton, hemp, indigo, opium, sugar, honey, saltpetre, and various seed oils, horses and cattle of a superior description, hides, and timber. There are cornelian mines in Rajpeepla, and jaspers and agates are procured in Ederwara and other hilly districts. The Kattiwad supplies abundance of white clay, used by the Hindoos for the purpose of marking their foreheads. Large quantities of salt are obtained from the Run. The manufactures are principally coarse cotton fabrics and soap. The towns are Deesa, Palhanpoor, Radhunpoor, Puttun, Eder, Ahmednuggur, Doongurpoor, Banswara, Pathree, Bejapoor, Nuwanuggur, Poorbunder, Joonagur, PuttunSomnath, Dice, Ahmedabad, Kaira, Kuppurwunj, Cambay, Bhownuggur, Gogo, Soonth, Lunawara, Barrea,

Chumpaneer, Baroda, Chandod, Jumbosseer, Baroch, Nandod, Rajpeepla, Surat, Sacheen, Bulsar, Dhurmpoor, and Daman. The inhabitants of this province comprise a great variety of classes, the principal of which are the following :Johrejas and other tribes of Rajpoots (q. v.), such as Juts, Katties, Jats, Koolees, Bheels, Bhats, Banyans, Persees, Boras, Siddees, and Mahrattas. Amongst these the Bhats deserve especial mention, their religion is Hindooism and Mahomedanism. The various rude tribes in this province generally consider themselves followers of the Brahminical system; they know very little, however, of Hindooism, and mostly worship the sun. Amongst the Hindoos the Jains are numerous. The general language of the province is the Goojratee; it is written in a character closely resembling the Nagree, and it may be termed the grand mercantile language of Western India.

GYA, a town in India, in the province of Bahar. It is situated in Lat. 24 deg. 49 min. N., Long. 85 deg. E., about 55 miles to the southward of Patna. The town consists of two parts; one the residence of the Brahmuns, and others connected with them, which is Gya Proper, and the other called Sahibgunge, inhabited by merchants, tradesmen, &c. This is one of the most noted places of pilgrimage in India, both for Booddhists, and for the followers of the Brahminical system. By the former it is considered to have been either the birth-place or the residence of the founder of their sect. The neighbourhood abounds with excavations.

produce, goods, and individuals, across the rough and ill-made roads of the country. They are drawn by bullocks.

HADJEE, a pilgrim. The natives of India, Persia, Arabia, and Turkey, have great faith in the virtue of pilgrimages. The Hindoos make them to holy temples (such as Juggernaut), holy cities (Benares, to wit), the confluence of rivers, and spots celebrated in mythological history. The Mussulmans resort to the tomb of Mahomet, or to his birthplace, to Mecca, Medina, and Mushed, &c. HAFIZ, the name of a florid Persian poet, a writer who rouged his roses, and poured perfume on his jessamine.

HAINAN, an island, situated at the southern extremity of China, separated only by a narrow channel from the province of Canton. It is about 190 miles in length, and 70 in breadth; and though so close to the mainland, is in a very rude state, the inhabitants still consisting principally of the original savage tribes. HAJEEPOOR, a town in the province of Bahar, in India, situated at the confluence of the rivers Gunduh, and Ganges, nearly opposite to Patna, in Lat. 25 deg. 41 min. N., Long. 85 deg. 21 min. E. It is noted for its annual horse fair, on which occasion thousands of pious Hindoos purge themselves of their mortal offences by bathing at the place of the "meeting of the waters."

HAKEEM, a physician, a character held in great respect in all Eastern nations. European travellers, assuming the character of a Hakeem, and dispensing medicines as they pass through a country, are almost certain of safety.

H.

HACKERY, a rude cart, composed entirely of wood, and used by the natives of India for the transport of

Hindoos. Hanuman is extensively worshipped, and his images are to be found in temples, sometimes alone, and sometimes in the society of the former companions of his glory, Rama and Sita. He is supplicated by the Hindoos on their birth-days,