all its synonyms, is omitted with much of the complex nomenclature and special doctrines of this new and aspiring science, while the American authors present a grand chapter on the Origin and Descent of Rocks,' starting with a molten magma (but discrediting a molten globe), and presenting the new quantitative classification of Iddings and Washington.

Fossils are next treated with great brevity in an excellent chapter of twelve pages. Much is omitted here that appears in Pennell, Cole and Keilhack and might have been expected in a manual of field geology. The book is rather planned for an advanced course in geology in Scotland with some field work, and it is interesting to note the classes for which it is intended according to the enumeration in the preface, viz., mining engineers, civil engineers, architects, agriculturists and public health officers.

There follow chapters written with great fullness and clearness upon the main geological structures, stratification, concretions, folding, joints and faults, the structure of eruptive rocks, and ore formations. The book is here at its best. The illustrations are abundant, well chosen and clear and the plan of printing many of the important figures as separate plates is used with especially good effect and several of the landscapes combine the highest artistic beauty with the greatest illustrative value. Several companion plates are very effective, for instance the field data of a complex area are presented on one plate and the completed map on an opposite plate. Again the tracings of thrust planes are given on a photograph of a mountainside and a section of the intricate geology of the mountain is given on a plate facing the first.

The chapter on metamorphism is brief. The Archæan is dismissed with a half page, and the line of treatment is not greatly influenced by the remarkable attempts to apply the laws of physical chemistry to the problem made by Van Hise, Grubenmann and Becke.

Then follows a chapter of fifty-four pages on geological surveying, which, as it is largely given up to the description of structural features, and, indeed, contains the only discus

sion of the glacial formation, offers only rather brief and general directions for field work.

The economic aspects of geological structure are then taken up in a very detailed and interesting way, full of practical suggestions for the application of the ideas developed in the preceding chapters.

The book closes with a brief chapter of thirty pages covering the whole subject of denudation and the evolution of all the surface features of the earth, and there is no suggestion of the survey or special field study of these subjects. The contrast between the two books comes out strongly here. The American book devotes 355 pages to the work on air and water and 38 to structural geology. The other gives 30 pages to erosion and 166 to structure. The author shows a great and, in the main, wise conservatism in the employment of new terms. Peneplain does not appear, nor any of the superabundant and largely anthropomorphic terms used especially in America in the description of topographic forms and the cycle of their growth. At the same time he gives with brevity a clear description of the river cycle. The author is, perhaps, not quite consistent as he uses the new or rare word 'phacoids' for 'augen,' which is fully as bad as phenocryst. He seems to wish here to avoid the German, but in another connection uses lee-seite and stossseite, when lee-side and stoss-side are good English. In still another connection the word hornfelses has an unattractive look.

In this large book, given up almost entirely to the presentation of facts, the reviewer has wished to criticize only one minor statement. It is said (p. 51) "Tachylite is altered to a yellowish or reddish substance known as Palagonite." Palagonite is certainly an original volcanic glass which has cooled with its present large content of water. A certain uncertainty inherent in the subject may be noted in the treatment of amphibolite and hornblende schist. The two volumes thus supplement each other in a valuable way, the one being a full and well-considered hand-book for use in the sober work of geological surveying or economic investigation, in a country like Scotland, where there are no active volcanoes,

The Students' Laboratory Manual of Physical Geography. By ALBERT PERRY BRIGHAM. New York, Appleton. 1904.

This is an expansion of the 'Teachers' Guide and Laboratory Exercises' published in 1903, and like it designed to accompany Gilbert and Brigham's 'Introduction to Physical Geography,' to which it is very closely adjusted. It is about half as large again as the Teachers' Guide,' but omits the lists of books. It is purely for the student and implies the additional use of the guide by the instructor.

Any one using the text referred to will find this an admirable guide for its illustration by map and exercise. It contains many suggestive questions that must help the inexperienced teacher toward modern points of view. This is particularly true of the questions on map reading, which are good and abundant, as they ought to be. For class use they may need some selection apart from selection of exercises, if thorough work by the student himself is to be done. Thus the exercise numbered 13, contoured maps, has material for three one hour exercises with pupils in the early stages of the high-school course,' if the reviewer's experience is to be trusted. Drawing a section for the first time, for instance, is no side issue, but quite a task in itself. Alongside this exercise 263b, C. S. Chart No. 3,089 is wonderfully short and easy, though for students well advanced toward the end of their course. The practical exercises are still further from definite form. It would be a hardship to put this book into the hands of the ordinary teacher of the subject, who is almost invariably too crowded for time and too incompetent in the subject matter to rearrange the exercises in practical form, and require her to use it with her classes. No doubt the class would get advantage of it.

It might be supposed that the wide use of laboratory manuals for physics and chemistry

might guide us in some measure in preparing one for physical geography. Many of these are models in their clear statement of what materials to use, what to do with them and how to do it. This definiteness is of great importance. First-year pupils in a high school will find the latitude exercise in this volume, with its generalities, its principle, its geometry and trigonometry, very discouraging.

The description of field exercises for use in unknown localities has generality and vagueness imposed on it by necessity. It is difficult to conceive of satisfactory accounts being written for such work. Professor Brigham has gathered together some excellent suggestions, and that is all that can be done. The variety of the local fields forbids adequate general treatment. The point of view of the work is modern and scientific, as would be expected of its author. Teachers will find it a safe guide to open their eyes and those of their pupils to the real world about them. Altogether we are left still awaiting an adequate laboratory manual for physical geography, but in the present volume is much material that ought to figure in the book when it is written, much material that ought to be in the hands of teachers attempting laboratory work or wishing to know how to do it. MARK S. W. JEFFERSON.

YPSILANTI, MICH.,

September 19, 1905.

Elements of Applied Microscopy. A Textbook for Beginners. By CHARLES-EDWARD AMORY WINSLOW, Instructor in Industrial Microscopy and Sanitary Biology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Pp. 183, with 60 text figures. New York, John Wiley and Sons. 1905.

This manual is an excellent example of a book prepared for a definite purpose and as the result of experience in an institution where independent work and special ideas have a prominent place.

As the author states in his preface the book does not profess to compete, on the one hand, with monographs or on the other with the popular works on microscopy. It is, however, specifically intended for the class in industrial

microscopy for second year students in chemistry and biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The object of the course is to give facility in the manipulation of the microscope and an acquaintance with the scope of its practical application.

The first four chapters consider the microscope and its accessories, and the other eight chapters deal with the starches, adulterations of food and drugs, textile fibers, paper, medicine and sanitation, forensic microscopy, microchemistry, petrology and metallurgy.

Each subject is dealt with in a general manner to give the student the principles and the point of view. Exercises are then given to illustrate the methods necessary for the elucidation of the questions which arise in actual practise.

The book is well conceived and satisfactorily worked out. The statements are usually clear and concise. As planned by the author, it is an introduction to the subject, and was designed for use by a teacher possessing knowledge of the more elaborate books, and the monographs bearing upon the various subjects. For the student, excellent references to good sources for further information are given with each chapter so that those especially interested can follow out the subject.

It is not particularly adapted for private learners, as the directions are frequently too brief without the supplementary instruction which naturally goes with a laboratory course. Two directions would prove unsatisfactory in practise: On page 41 the student is told to transfer cover-glasses from the potassium dichromate, sulfuric acid cleaning mixture to fifty per cent. alcohol. After a thorough rinsing in clean water, should have been added. On page 28 under the directions for using the Abbe condenser, it is said: 'In general an opening [of the diaphragm] about the size of the front lens of the objective will yield good results.' While this applies to lighting, when no condenser is used it would lead one to light with a less aperture when using an oil immersion objective than when using a low power dry objective. It contravenes the principles given in the preceding chapter. These and a few other slips will be

easily remedied by the teacher and will be naturally righted in a new edition.

It is a source for congratulation that books of this kind are originating from the laboratories of our country, and it is hoped that the number will increase. S. H. G.

The Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns (Archegoniates). By DOUGLAS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL, Ph.D., Professor of Botany in the Leland Stanford Junior University. New York, The Macmillan Company; London, Macmillan & Co., Ltd. 1905. All rights reserved. Pp. vii+657. 8vo. It is but a little more than ten years since the first edition of this book appeared, and now we have a second and considerably revised edition, in which much new matter has been added. By an odd oversight, the fact that this is a second edition is not indicated on the title page, although it is clearly stated in the 'Preface to the Second Edition' with which

the volume opens. In this revision, the whole book has been printed from new type, none of the old stereotype plates having been used. This has given the author as much freedom in the preparation of the present book as though it were wholly new, and he has not been obliged to confine his changes to such as could be made to conform to the limitations of the old plates. The result is that this is a new book, and while it resembles the earlier one, and contains much matter which was in that edition, there is scarcely a page or paragraph in which the author has not made some changes of greater or less importance.

The new book follows the same general sequence as the old one, and, on a cursory glance, the reader sees little difference, yet a closer examination shows many changes and additions. The more important changes are those in the treatment of Marattiales, Isoetaceae and Lycopodinae. In the old edition, the Isoetaceae were discussed in connection with the Marattiales, to which they were regarded as related, but in the new book we find them taken up after the Lycopodinae, being regarded as 'sufficiently distinct to warrant the establishment of a separate order, Isoetales.'

Two wholly new chapters have been added, viz., the Nature of the Alternation of Generations,' and 'Fossil Archegoniates.' The whole number of pages in the earlier book is 544, while in the present volume it is 657. So, too, there are 266 figures in the old book, and 322 in the new. The amount of enlargement of the bibliography may be estimated from the fact that it covers 13 pages in the first edition, and more than 23 in the second.

In his closing chapter, the author presents a revision of the summary and conclusions of his earlier book. Briefly, he now holds that the archegoniate series began in the green Algae near Coleochaete; that the Liverworts are the most primitive of existing archegoniates, and that other groups have descended from them. The peculiar chromatophore of Anthocerotaceae possibly suggests the independent origin of this group, and this with other structural facts requires that they be accorded higher rank than heretofore, possibly that of a class coordinate with Liverworts on the one hand and the Mosses on the other.' Pteridophytes still consist of three classes, all evidently related to the Anthocerotes, but representing entirely different lines of develop

ment.

The cusporangiate ferns are regarded as the lowest of the Filicinae; Hymenophyllaceae, while of pretty ancient origin, are regarded as an aberrant group; and the Polypodiaceae constitute the modern fern type. "That heterospory arose in a number of widely remote groups is unquestionable." This suggests the possibility of a multiple origin of the spermatophytes. "Except for their siphonogamic fertilization, Gymnosperms are much nearer the Pteridophytes than they are to the Angiosperms." "The close resemblance between the Conifers and the Lycopods, especially Selaginella, probably points to a real relationship." Cycads are regarded as descended from fern-like ancestors. While the position of Isoetales is still in doubt, it is regarded as possible that the Angiosperms may have arisen from them.

This edition without question must prove to be as helpful and suggestive as the one it supplants, and will be used by all students

who wish to obtain a clear notion of the structure and relationship of higher plants. CHARLES E. BESSEY.

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA.

Pro

SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS AND ARTICLES. THE first article in the September number of the American Geologist-'Pleistocene Features in the Syracuse [N. Y.] Region,' by Professor H. L. Fairchild-was prepared for the field program of the meeting of Section E of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Syracuse last summer and is illustrated by two plates. fessor Charles S. Prosser contributes a paper entitled 'Notes on the Permian Formations of Kansas.' The recent investigations concerning the age of the upper Paleozoic formations of Kansas are reviewed and it is shown that the European and American geologists who have studied the subject most carefully in recent years correlate them with the Permian. 'The Atlantic Highlands Section of the New Jersey Cretacic' is described by Mr. J. K. Prather and is illustrated by three plates. Professor William H. Hobbs publishes Contributions from the Mineralogical Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin.' It consists of a description of minerals from various localities, illustrated by one plate of metallic copper from Soudan, Minn., and figures of other minerals.

THE leading article in the SeptemberOctober number of the Journal of Geology is by Professor Rollin D. Salisbury on The Mineral Matter of the Sea, with some Speculations as to the Changes which have been involved in its Production.' Dr. Reginald A. Daly contributes a paper on 'The Classification of Igneous Intrusive Bodies,' which is illustrated by nine figures. Mr. J. K. Prather describes Glauconite' from the (Cretaceous) Greensands of New Jersey and gives a plate of photomicrographs. 'The Mesozoic of Southwestern Oregon' is described by Mr. George D. Louderback. The rocks are called the Myrtle group or series and the Dillard series. Their lithologic characters, economic relations and areal distribution are well de

scribed and an interesting comparison is made with the standard California type formations. The concluding paper, the 'Arapahoe Glacier in 1905,' is by Professor Junius Henderson.

The American Naturalist for October contains articles on A Peculiar Variation of Terebratalia transversa Sowerby,' by H. W. Shimer; Studies on the Plant Cell, VIII.,' by Bradley M. Davis; and 'Diadasia Patton; a Genus of Bees,' by T. D. A. Cockerell. The article on the plant cell is the final one of the series and it is noted that the author has a number of complete sets of reprints, and that enquiries concerning them may be addressed to him at the University of Chicago. Professor Cockerell's article includes a table for the identification of all the species of the

genus.

The Museums Journal of Great Britain for October has for its leader an article on 'Local Museums,' by J. Willis Bund, one of several papers dealing with this subject that were read at the last meeting of the Museums Association. The matter is one that should be specially commended to the attention of our schools and colleges, local museums being all too rare in the United States, where much time and effort is thrown away in the attempt to make a small museum cover the universe instead of devoting its energies to the imme diate locality. Among the notes American readers will blush to find the prominence given to some comparatively recent occurrences at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

THE closing (October) number of volume 6 of the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society contains the following papers:

MAURICE FRÉCHET: Sur l'écart de deux courbes et sur les courbes limites.'

JOHN EIESLAND: On a certain system of conjugate lines on a surface connected with Euler's transformation.'

L. P. EISENHART: 'Surfaces of constant curvature and their transformations.'

N. J. LENNES: Volumes and areas.'

E. O. LOVETT: 'On a problem including that of several bodies and admitting of an additional integral.'

THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.

THE 604th regular meeting was held October 7, 1905, with President Littlehales in the chair.

The evening was devoted to a paper by Professor W. D. Miller, of the University of Berlin, on 'Symbiosis.' He defined symbiosis as a life relationship existing between different kinds of animals or plants, or between animals and plants. The relation of the mistletoe to the tree on which it grows, for instance, is a symbiosis. According as advantage or disadvantage accrues to one or the other or to both of the parties concerned the symbiosis is designated as parasitism, commensalism and true or mutualistic symbiotism. By parasitism we designate that type of symbiosis in which one individual lives at the expense of the other, doing it some harm without making any return; the first being called the parasite, the latter the host. Such is the relation of fleas, lice, bugs, tapeworms, etc., to the human being. By far the most important of this type is that existing between bacteria and the human subject.

By commensalism (con, mensa) we designate a symbiosis in which the one party lives from the superabundance or from the crumbs of the table of the other, deriving thereby a benefit from the relationship, but doing no harm and also making no return. In true symbiosis both parties derive an advantage from the relationship. Such is the symbiosis between the hermit crab and the sea anemone, between ants and plant lice, etc.

Especial attention was called to the tripartite symbiosis existing between animals, higher plants and bacteria, all animals being dependent upon plants for their food, the higher