in bringing the therapeutic applications of radium up to 1905 instead of 1904.

Jacques Danne's 'Das Radium: Seine Darstellung und seine Eigenschaften' (Veit and Co., Leipzig, 1904, pp. 1-84) is a little book which those who wish to familiarize themselves with the chemical side of the extraction of radium from its ores may well consult.

Hans Mayer's 'Die Neueren Strahlungen (Papanschek, Mähr Ostran, 1904, pp. 1-65) is a rather unsuccessful attempt to present in elementary fashion the theory of cathode, canal, Roentgen and Becquerel rays. It is not characterized by the usual German scholarship, for while it shows wide reading on the part of its author, it contains unpardonable oversights and blunders.

One can not but admire the industry and courage of Professor Titchener, who, in the midst of an exceptional productiveness of original text-books, ventures also on a translation of so ponderous and difficult a treatise as that of Professor Wundt on physiological psychology. The labor involved and the difficulty of achieving an adequate English version of this important work are, indeed, enormous, as pointed out in a personally interesting preface by the translator. If only the translation is successful in combining the qualities of good English and faithfulness to the original, the undertaking is certainly meritorious and much to be welcomed by readers who are not disposed to cope with the author's German further than is necessary. And, to judge by the present volume, the translation does in fact fulfil these requirements. It is as readable as could be hoped; in fact it is probably easier reading than the original, even though the reader should possess equal facility in both languages. The only reservation to be made

on this score is that, as the translator has adopted the Wilder nomenclature for the nervous structures, most readers will need to familiarize themselves with a good number of new technical terms. It impedes the reader's progress to meet 'myel' for the cord, and 'cinerea' for the gray matter. Probably in this matter the translator chose to be a prophet rather than easily read. As to the faithfulness of the translation, here the reviewer's part becomes a serious one. Without pretending, however, to have compared every page of the English with the original, the reviewer can state that he has examined in detail the translation of various difficult passages, and looked up instances where the English suggested a possible error, and after all found only a few little slips. One or two rather obvious errors in the original have passed over into the translation, e. g., at page 286, where, quite in contradiction with the context, the brain-weight of a full-grown orang-utan is given as only 79.7 grams.

A curious error appears in Fig. 79 and in the accompanying text on page 187. It was transferred from the original, and was apparently not passed by the translator without question. The figure purports to show the connection of the retinas with the cerebral hemispheres, but errs in connecting the right half of each retina with the left hemisphere, etc.; the nerve fibers from the nasal half of each retina are stated to pass to the brain without crossing, while those from the temporal halves cross-just the reverse of the truth. As the figure is credited to Vialet, the reviewer looked up Vialet's original figure, and found a rather complicated drawing, which had been simplified by Wundt. In the process of simplification, Vialet's diagrams of the retinas dropped out altogether, and their place was taken by some diagrams of the monocular fields of vision which Vialet had placed in front of each eye to show the crossed relation obtaining between the field of view and the retina, due to the crossing of the rays of light within the eye. Wundt's confusion of the retinas and the fields of vision in the figure led him to reverse the true relations in the text. The error is rather amusing-espe

cially since another diagram of the same thing (Fig. 99), occurring in a later chapter, is correct and it is made more so by a 'later note by author,' in which Wundt, whose attention had apparently been called to the discrepancy, while not recognizing the perversion of the figure and text, endeavors to slur over the contradiction in a straddling manner that has a curiously characteristic sound. There are a number of other errors in neurological details, though not by any means a large number. Wundt would of course not be the author to whom one would resort for a knowledge of nervous anatomy and physiology, with which the present instalment of the translation is concerned. The value of this portion of the work lies in the author's broad, if somewhat speculative, views on the general principles of the structure and functions of the nervous system.

The translator has thoughtfully provided a special index for this volume.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

R. S. WOODWORTH.

SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS AND ARTICLES. THE contents of The Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology for November is as follows:

CLARENCE LOEB: Some Cellular Changes in the Primary Optic Vesicles of Necturus.'

RAYMOND PEARL: Some Results of a Study of Variation and Correlation of Brain Weight.'

A. H. ROTH: The Relation Between the Occurrence of White Rami Fibers and the Spinal Accessory Nerve.' (With an Addendum by J. Playfair McMurrich.) JOHN E. ROUSE: 'Respiration and Emotion in Pigeons.'

JOHN B. WATSON: The effect of the Bearing of Young upon the Body-Weight and the Weight of the Central Nervous System of the Female White Rat.'

The Work of Carl Wernicke.

H. S. JENNINGS: Papers on Reactions to Electricity in Unicellular Organisms.'

SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES.

THE CONVOCATION WEEK MEETINGS OF SCIENTIFIC

SOCIETIES.

There will meet at New Orleans:

The American Association for the Advancement of Science. The week beginning on December 28. Retiring president, Professor W. G. Farlow, Har

vard University; president-elect, Professor C. M. Woodward, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.; permanent secretary, Dr. L. O. Howard, Cosmos Club, Washington, D. C.; general secretary, Professor C. A. Waldo, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.; secretary of the council, Dr. John F. Hayford, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D. C.

Local Executive Committee.-Honorary president, President E. B. Craighead, Tulane University; executive president, Professor George E. Beyer, Tulane University; secretary, Henry M. Mayo, The New Orleans Progressive League; treasurer, Mr. Clarence F. Low, of the Liverpool, London and Globe Insurance Company.

Section A, Mathematics and Astronomy.-Vicepresident, Dr. W. S. Eichelberger, U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C.; secretary, Professor L. G. Weld, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

Section B, Physics.-Vice-president, Professor Henry Crew, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.; secretary, Professor Dayton C. Miller, Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio.

Section C, Chemistry.—Vice-president, Professor Charles F. Mabery, Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio; secretary, Professor Charles L. Parsons, New Hampshire College of Agriculture, Durham, N. H.

Section D, Mechanical Science and Engineering. -Vice-president, Professor F. W. McNair, Houghton, Mich.; secretary, Professor Wm. T. Magruder, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Section E, Geology and Geography.-Vice-president, Professor Wm. North Rice, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.; secretary, Dr. Edmund O. Hovey, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.

Section F, Zoology.—Vice-president, Professor Henry B. Ward, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr.; secretary, Professor C. Judson Herrick, Denison University, Granville, Ohio.

Section G, Botany.-Vice-president, Dr. Erwin F. Smith, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; secretary, Professor F. E. Lloyd, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.

Section H, Anthropology.-Vice-president, Dr. George Grant MacCurdy, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; secretary, George H. Pepper, American Museum of Natural History.

Section I, Social and Economic Science.-Professor Irving Fisher, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; secretary, Dr. J. F. Crowell, Bureau of Statistics, Washington, D. C.

Section K, Physiology and Experimental Medicine.-Vice-president, Professor Wm. T. Sedgwick, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.; secretary, Dr. Wm. J. Gies, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City.

At New Orleans in conjunction with the American Association for the Advancement of Science there will meet:

The American Chemical Society.-President, F. P. Venable, University of North Carolina; secretary, Dr. William A. Noyes, the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.

The Botanical Society of America.-January 4. President, Professor R. A. Harper, University of Wisconsin; secretary, Dr. D. T. MacDougal, N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.

The Association of Economic Entomologists.— January 1, 2, 3. President, Professor H. Garman, Lexington, Ky.; secretary, Professor H. E. Summers, Ames, Iowa.

The American Mycological Society.-January 1-4. President, Chas. H. Peck, state botanist, Albany, N. Y.; secretary, C. L. Shear, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

At Ann Arbor will meet:

The American Society of Naturalists.-President, Professor William James, Harvard University; secretary, Professor W. E. Castle, Harvard University. President (Central Branch), Professor H. H. Donaldson, University of Chicago; secretary, Professor W. J. Moenkhaus, Indiana University. The Eastern Branch will not meet this year.

The American Society of Zoologists (Eastern and Central Branches).—December 28, 29, 30. President (Eastern Branch), Professor W. E. Castle, Harvard University; secretary, Professor H. S. Pratt, Haverford College. President (Central Branch), Professor Frank R. Lillie, University of Chicago; secretary, Professor C. E. McClung, University of Kansas.

The Society of American Bacteriologists.December 28, 29, President, Professor Edwin O. Jordan, University of Chicago; secretary Professor Frederic P. Gorham, Brown University, Providence, R. I.

The American Physiological Society.-December 27, 28. President, Professor W. H. Howell, the Johns Hopkins University; secretary, Professor Lafayette B. Mendel, New Haven.

The Association of American Anatomists.-December 27, 28, 29. President, Professor Charles

S. Minot, Harvard Medical School; secretary, Professor G. Carl Huber, 333 East Ann St., Ann Arbor, Mich.

The Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology. December 27, 28, 29. President, Professor E. C. Jeffrey, Harvard University; secretary, Professor W. F. Ganong, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

At New York City will meet:

The Astronomical and Astrophysical Society of America.-December 28. President, Professor Simon Newcomb; secretary, Professor Geo. C. Comstock, Washburn Observatory, Madison, Wis. The American Physical Society.-December 29, 30. President, Professor Carl Barus, Brown University; secretary, Professor Ernest Merritt, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

The American Mathematical Society.December 28, 29. President, Professor W. F. Osgood, Harvard University; secretary, Professor F. N. Cole, Columbia University.

At Cambridge will meet:

The American Psychological Association.-December 27-29. President, Professor Mary Whiton Calkins, Wellesley College; secretary, Professor Wm. Harper Davis, Lehigh University.

The American Philosophical Association.-December 27-29. President, Professor John Dewey, Columbia University; secretary, Professor John Grier Hibben, Princeton University.

At Ithaca will meet:

The American Anthropological Association.— December 27-29. President, Professor F. W. Putnam, Harvard University; secretary, Dr. Geo. Grant MacCurdy, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

At Ottawa will meet:

The Geological Society of America.-December 27, 28, 29. President, Professor Raphael Pumpelly; secretary, Professor Herman L. Fairchild, Rochester, N. Y.

THE ASSOCIATION OF TEACHERS OF MATHEMATICS.

THE annual meeting of the Association of Teachers of Mathematics in the Middle States and Maryland was held on Saturday, December 2, in affiliation with the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Middle States and Maryland.

The following papers were presented:

PROFESSOR H. S. WHITE, Vassar College: 'How should the College Teach Analytic Geometry.'

MR. H. R. HIGLY, Pennsylvania College: 'Suggestions for the First Twelve Lessons in Demonstrative Geometry.'

DR. JOHN S. FRENCH, Jacob Tome Institute, Port Deposit: 'Some Essentials of the Successful Mathematics Teacher.'

DR. H. A. CONVERSE, Baltimore Polytechnic Institute: The Teaching of Geometry.'

The association was disappointed at not being able to listen to a paper on The Teaching of Pure and Applied Mathematics,' which the program announced was to be read by President R. S. Woodward, of the Carnegie Institution, Washington.

The following officers were elected for the coming year:

President-Professor E. S. Crawley, University of Pennsylvania.

Vice-President-Dr. John S. French, Jacob Tome Institute, Port Deposit, Md.

Secretary and Treasurer-Dr. J. T. Rorer, Central High School, Philadelphia, Pa.

Members of the Council-Professor W. H. Metzler, Syracuse University; Miss L. G. Simons, New York City Normal College; Dr. J. L. Patterson, Chestnut Hill Academy, Philadelphia, Pa.; Professor W. H. Maltbie, Woman's College of Baltimore.

At the meeting the following resolution was adopted:

Resolved: That this association approve of the organization of a national federation of existing associations of teachers of mathematics in which each association shall preserve its own organization and individuality and which shall have among its objects the joint support of publication. In the federation should be included only societies representing territory as extensive at least as one state.

DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE.

THE RELATIONS OF MUSEUMS TO EXPERTS AND SYSTEMATISTS WHO ARE ENGAGED IN WORKING UP AND NAMING COLLECTIONS.

FROM time to time the writer has met those who have maintained the view that a scientific expert is entitled out of collections, whether submitted to him by individuals or by museums, to retain for his own use whatever portion of such collections he may desire to reserve for himself, after having described them. Some years ago a rather well-known

entomologist in correspondence laid down the proposition that it is the unwritten but universal law that an expert to whom scientific material is submitted for study is entitled to retain therefrom anything he pleases,' and further added the statement that it is the indefeasible right of an expert to retain for his own use anything which he may wish to reserve out of the collections submitted to him for study.' These statements being wholly contrary to the teachings of his own experience and observation, the writer was

moved to address a circular letter of inquiry to a large number of the most eminent scientific men charged with the administration of the affairs of museums in America and in Europe, inquiring whether they knew of the existence of any such 'unwritten law' or recognized any such indefeasible right' on the part of experts to whom they might entrust material for study. The persons to whom this circular letter was addressed are men who stand in the very foremost ranks of science, among them the heads of the greatest museums in Europe and America, and a score of the most eminent investigators along biological lines now living.

The writer received not merely a series of replies upon the blanks provided in the circular letter for answers, but in a number of cases lengthy and interesting letters, which showed that some of the gentlemen addressed had encountered those who held this view, which they reprobated as strongly as does the writer himself. Others expressed unmitigated astonishment that any one should have the temerity to propound such propositions, declaring them to be altogether unheard of and monstrous. Answers were received from forty-four gentlemen in America, who are recognized as the highest authorities in their respective lines of research. Only three of these appeared to claim that usage demands that the expert should be allowed to retain for his own use what he may desire. Two of these were entomologists; one was a botanist. The others most unqualifiedly denied the truth of the propositions and treated them as ridiculous. Twenty replies were received from the

most eminent scientific men of Great Britain. Only one of the number declared the view of my correspondent to be in his judgment correct. The other nineteen utterly reprobated his propositions, declaring them to be in their judgment wholly untenable. Sixteen of the leading scientific men on the continent of Europe replied, all of them rejecting the propositions as unheard of, and contrary to all experience and usage.

It appears from the eighty replies received by the writer that only four, or five per cent., of those whom he addressed, three of these being Americans, had ever heard of the propositions laid down by his correspondent, and the rest all reprobated the doctrine.

What then is the attitude which should be taken by a museum toward the expert who is requested to work up scientific material in the custody of an institution? That he has the right to endeavor to enrich his own collections, if he happens to be a collector, at the expense of the collections submitted to him for study, I think will be almost universally disallowed. That he should, however, be recompensed for his labors, if he desires to be recompensed in any other way than by the pleasure and honor he may derive from being permitted to write upon the material entrusted to him, will be conceded. In case an expert desires a financial return for his service in the way of a honorarium, to grant this in accordance with the ability of the institution seems to the writer to be eminently proper. Furthermore, if he desires to retain for his own use and for aid in future study duplicate material where such duplicate material exists, it is the opinion of the writer that he should be allowed to do so, and in fact it may be said that it is the almost universal custom to allow experts to retain a reasonable amount of duplicate specimens from collections where such duplicates exist. But all types of species and genera based upon collections which are submitted to experts should be invariably returned to the owner of the collection, unless a previous arrangement to the contrary has been made. And this is particularly true in the case of the collections of great museums, which are

founded for the purpose of recording and preserving for future generations the results of scientific research. The writer has had con

siderable experience in this matter and has never felt himself at liberty, when called upon to study and examine collections other than his own, to do more than to suggest to those who have had the kindness to submit them to him for examination that he would be pleased in case duplicates existed in the collection to be allowed to retain of this duplicate material sufficient to enable him in coming time to work to greater advantage.

The museums of the country should be cautioned against dealing with any individual who holds the view to which the writer has called attention, and as the head of one of the greater museums of America the writer desires to say that the authorities of this institution will never consent to allow any portions of the collections in their custody to pass out of their keeping into the hands of those who may wish to study them without having, preliminary to such act, reached a clear and distinct understanding to the effect that all types shall be returned to the museum, and that only duplicate material shall be allowed to remain in the possession of the expert, the amount of such duplicate material which is to be granted to be determined by the authorities of the museum themselves. This is in the judgment of the writer correct usage. He knows, however, that there are a dozen or more men of more or less reputation in scientific circles who hold the opposite view. He believes, however, that they are in a hopeless minority, and that their opinion in the matter is unsound from the standpoint both of science and of good morals.