THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA lies between the latitudes 32° 2′ and 35° 10′ N., and between the longitudes 78° 24′ and 83° 30′ W., and is bounded north and north-east by North Carolina; south-east by the Atlantic Ocean; and southwest by Georgia, from which it is separated by the Savannah River. In length 262 miles, and breadth 200, it has an area of 28,200 square miles, or 18,048,000 acres. The coast is lined with a chain of fine islands, between which and the shore the navigation is convenient. The main land is naturally divided into the upper and lower country. The low country extends 80 or 100 miles from the coast, and is covered with pine forests, interspersed with swamps and marshes, having a rich soil. Succeeding this region is an undulating country, chiefly of sand, which extends about 50 or 60 miles westward. Proceeding further inland the mountains become abrupt, but on advancing, the country displays an elevated level, and is succeeded by a fine country of hills and dales, which, in the western extremity of the state, rise into lofty mountains. The banks of the rivers of the low country are extremely fertile, and produce large crops of cotton and Indian corn. The marshes and swamps are the finest rice lands in the Union. Many parts in the central district are susceptible of agricultural improvement, and afford ample pasturage. However, the whole country east of the first heights is comparatively barren and worthless. The soil of the upper country is strong and fertile. Cotton and rice are the staples of South Carolina, but the soil and climate are well adapted to tobacco and indigo, and these were formerly cultivated to a great extent, but the cultivation of the present staples now engrosses the whole attention of the planter. In the low The climate of the upper country is healthy at all seasons. country the summer months are sickly, particularly August and September and at this season, the climate proves destructive to the unacclimated. The principal rivers are the Savannah, Pedee, and Santee. The Savannah rises in the Alleghanies, and taking a south-eastern course, divides this state from Georgia. It is navigable 18 miles to Savannah, and for small vessels to Augusta, 140 miles further. Boats proceed above the falls 60 miles, without interruption. The Pedee rises in North Carolina, where it has the name of Yadkin; it is navigable nearly to the northern boundary. The Santee, the great river of South Carolina, is formed by the union of the Congaree and Wateree, near the centre of the state. It is navigable through its whole length, and as far as Camden, on the Wateree, and Columbia, on the Congaree. Cooper and Ashley Rivers fall into Charleston Harbor. Edisto River empties itself at Edisto Island, 20 miles further south, and Combahee, still lower down. There is a canal 22 miles long, connecting the Santee and Cooper rivers, by which the produce of a large section of this state, and of a part of North Carolina, is brought to the city of Charleston. The population of South Carolina, in 1850, was 668,507, or in the ratio of one person to every 28 acres; and its distribution to the 29 districts into which the state is divided was in the following proportions: Greenville Horry York. Kershaw. 7,404....330....31,771....39,505 16,275....262....22,725....39,262 Spartanburg....18,312. 6,764....501....12,978....20,243 49.... 8,039....26,400 9,815....340....23,065....33.220 9.322....138....10,392....19,852 13,372.... 93.... 6,691...20,156 Williamsburg... 3,902.... 37.... 8,508....12,447 .11,300....126.... 8,007....19,433 Total....274,623...8,900...384,984...668,507 1840. .8,271. .317,038. .594,398. .18,213. .... 2.3 1850.. ...... 12.4 .259,089. The number of dwellings and families in this state are nearly equal, the former being 51,450, and the latter 51,739; and the number in each family is 12.5 persons, including slaves. The deaths during the year 1849-50 amounted to 7,842, or in the proportion of one death to every 83 persons. Agriculture is the absorbing pursuit, and employs more than three-fourths of the people. In 1850 there were 27,868 plantations and farms. The great crops are those of cotton and rice; the yearly product of the cotton fields averages 140,000,000 lbs., and the products of the rice plantations is more than 80,000,000 lbs. annually. Tobacco is grown, but the crop is small. The cereals, which are cultivated chiefly on the western uplands, are Indian corn, the annual yield of which is from twelve to fifteen million bushels, wheat about two million bushels, and oats about half that number. Rye and barley are little attended to. The potatoe crop averages three million bushels. The live stock consists of about 162,000 horses and mules, 620,000 neat eattle, 275,000 sheep, 950,000 swine, and poultry to the value of half a million dollars. Wool is produced to the amount of 350,000 lbs., and the produce of the dairy may be valued at $750,000. Bees and silkworms flourish in this climate, and yield valuable returns in honey, wax, and cocoons. The tea plant and indigo have lately been introduced to South Carolina agriculture. South Carolina is not a manufacturing state, yet it has a fair number of industrial establishments. In 1850 there were 1,439, exclusive of those the products of which were not valued at $500 per annum. The manufacturing of cotton goods has of late years been firmly established, and in 1850 there were in the state 16 mills and 36,500 spindles, which consumed 10,000 bales annually they are chiefly devoted to the production of coarse fabrics. The capital employed in manufactures is about four millions dollars. Domestic goods are made to a large amount. Mining, except for gold at the base of the Alleghanies, is almost unknown, nor are the fisheries made a source of profit. The commerce of South Carolina has increased immensely within a few years. In 1849-50 its exports were valued at $11,447,800, and its imports at $1,933,785, being nearly double the value of its commerce in 1845-6. Charleston is the principal port, and enjoys fully nine-tenths of the commerce. The shipping owned within the state on the 30th June, 1850, amounted to 36,072 tons. The coasting trade employed 18,944 tons, of which 7,454 tons were navigated by steam power. The internal trade of the country has increased wonderfully since the opening of the railroads, and to the same cause the increase of exportations from Charleston ought to be attributed, since much of the products of Tennessee and northern Georgia now seek that port for an outlet for the northern and foreign markets. The railroads of the state stretch from the sea-board to the Savannah, and there connect with the systems of Georgia and Tennessee, and will ul timately form a part of the trunk roads to the states north of the Ohio, and to the Mississippi. There are also several local railroads. The principal lines are the State Road from Charleston to Hamburg, 136 miles long, with a branch 68 miles long, to Columbia, and one to Camden, 44 miles long; and the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 22 miles long. The whole length of completed railroad is 292 miles, and there are about 135 miles in the course of being constructed. Up to 1850 the total cost of railroads had been $7,243,000. There are also several short canals in the state; the Santee Canal is 22 miles long, and the Winyaw Canal 7 miles; and the Catawba River has been improved by several cuts, in all 11 or 12 miles in length. Post roads are numerous, but indifferently kept. The banking capital of the state amounted, in Aug. 1850, to $5,991,856; the circulation was $2,788,600, and the total liabilities were $15,530,934. The securities were ample, viz., specie on hand $1,153,772; real estate $282,877; discounts $5,830,171; and other assets to a balance. South Carolina cannot boast of a very extended system of education, but it has several excellent colleges and seminaries, at which the higher branches are taught. The College of South Carolina is the most important of these. The College at Charleston, and Erskine College, are also valuable foundations. In 1850 they had an aggregate of 377 students, and from six to eight professors each. The Theological Seminaries are-the Southern, at Columbia, attached to the College, and under the Presbyterians; that at Lexington (Lutheran), and the Furman Seminary in Fairfield district (Baptist); together these had, in 1850, 774 students. The Medical College at Charleston, a school of high repute, had 158 students, and eight professors. There are, besides. about 160 academies in various parts of the state, and between 600 and 700 primary and common schools. About 25,000 youths and children are constantly being educated, yet a large portion of the inhab itants are destitute of even the advantage of elementary knowledge. The Methodists and Baptists are numerically the preponderating denominations in this state. The Protestant Episcopal churches are likewise numerous, and there are also a goodly number of Presbyterians. The Unitarian and Universalist sects are scarcely known here, and there are very few Roman Catholics. COLUMBIA, the capital and seat of government, is situated in Richland District, on the east bank of the Congaree River, and had, in 1850, a population of 6,060 souls. Lat. 33° 57' N., and long. 81° 7' W. The statehouse is a plain wooden edifice, but the village is handsomely laid out and well built, with some elegant mansions. A steamboat plies from Columbia to Charleston, passing through the Santee Canal, and a communication is kept up by railroad. The business of the place is in a flourishing condition. CHARLESTON is the principal commercial city, and most populous in the state. It is situated at the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers, which unite in Charleston harbor, seven miles from the ocean. The population of the city proper was, in 1850, 29,261, and in connection with St. Phillip's, which is actually a suburb, though not embraced in the chartered limits, the population is 41,137. The city is pleasantly located, and the tide, which rises and flows with considerable rapidity, contributes much to the health of the location. It is, however, so low, that parts of the town have been, at different periods, overflown. The principal public buildings are the city-hall, exchange, court-house, custom-house, and guard-house, besides which there are several handsome churches. Charleston has the principal commerce of the state. Its shipping, in 1850, amounted to 33,292 tons. The harbor is spacious and well protected by Fort Moultree and Fort Sumter, at the mouth; by Castle Pinckney, on an island in the harbor, and by Fort Johnson, on the south side of the harbor, nearly opposite the city. There are two arsenals in the city, and in the vicinity, about two miles out of town, are nine fire-proof magazines. GEORGETOWN, on Winyaw Bay, near the mouth of the Pedee, is 13 miles from the ocean. It is well situated for trade, being in the neighborhood of fertile lands, and connected with an extensive back country. There is a bar at the entrance of the bay, which prevents vessels drawing more than [1 feet of water from entering. Population, 2,100. The other principal towns are CHERAW, on the Pedee, which has considerable trade; BEAUFORT, South of Charleston, on Port Royal Island, in the harbor, which has a fine anchorage; GREENVILLE, in the north, a neat town with about 1,000 inhabitants, situated in a fertile and healthy district; and HAMBURG, on the Savannah, opposite Augusta. This place is connected with Charleston by the South Carolina Railroad, and with Crawford, Atlanta and Harrison, by the Georgia Railroad. The present constitution was formed in 1790. The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are elected for two years by the Legislature in joint ballot. The Senators are elected for four years, and the members of the House of Representatives for two years, by the people. One-half of the Senators are elected biennially. Every citizen who has resided in the state one year, and in the county where he offers his vote six months previous to an election, and who has paid taxes, is entitled to the rights of suffrage. No colored person can vote. South Carolina is the only state that does not consider its citizens competent to choose their representatives to the presidential electoral college. They are appointed by the Legislature. The judicial power is vested in such superior and inferior courts of law and equity as the legislature may from time to time institute. The judges are appointed by joint ballot of the General Assembly, and hold their seats during good behavior. Sheriffs hold office for four years, and are ineligible for the succeeding four years. The public debt amounts to $2,310,896. In 1670, this state was permanently settled by a small body of English emigrants under William Sayle, who remained about nine years at Port Royal Island. In 1679, they removed to the present site of Charleston. In 1706, the French and Spaniards made an attack on Charleston, but were repulsed. Hitherto the colony had been under a proprietory government; but in 1720 it became a crown colony. In 1775, the importation of British goods was prohibited, and a military force raised to defend the colony against the royalists. Several battles were fought in this state during the period of the revolution; the most important was that of Eutaw Springs, in 1781. South Carolina raised 6,617 men for the continental army. In 1833, the state placed itself in opposition to the general government, and threatened a withdrawal from the Union, in consequence of the existing tariff, but through the influence of Henry Clay and others in the United States Senate, the difficulty was arranged without proceeding to forcible. measures. A like threat is now held out as a terror to all abolitionists who desire the exclusion of slavery from the newly-acquired territories THE STATE OF GEORGIA. GEORGIA is situated between 30° 19′ and 35° N. lat., and between 800 50′ and 85° 40′ W. long. This state is bounded on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina; on the north-east by South Carolina; south-east by the Atlantic Ocean; south by Florida, and west by Alabama. Length, 314 miles,-breadth, 248 miles; area, 62,000 square miles, or 39,680,000 acres. The topography of Georgia, both as regards the arrangement of its coasts and the whole inland country, is much similar to that of South Carolina; and the staples are the same, with the addition of some of the tropical fruits, as figs, oranges, olives, lemons, &c. The forests abound in timber, chiefly oaks and pines. The Savannah separates this state from South Carolina, under which head it is described. The Ogeechee falls into the ocean 15 miles south of the above. The Alatamaha is formed by the Oconee and Ockmulgee: it runs south-east, and discharges itself into the Atlantic through several mouths, sixty miles south-west of the Savannah. It is navigable for small vessels to Milledgeville, on the Oconee, 200 miles from the ocean. The bar at the mouth has 14 feet at low water. The St. Mary's is a deep river. It rises in Eokefanoke swamp, and after a very crooked course of 150 miles, falls into the ocean between Cumberland and Amelia islands. It is navigable to its source. Flint River joins the Chattahouchee in the south-west corner of the state, and hence the united streams take the name of Apalachicola. The Chattahouchee rises in the northern part of the state, and in |