noble sentiments of Arnold of Brescia, whose spirit burned with a divine enthusiasm for freedom, civil and religious, it was a book to make tyrants tremble on their thrones. It denounced, in thunder tones, the double tyranny of the Church and Empire-of Austria and of Rome, under which Italy has groaned for ages. Vindicating the rights of conscience, it insisted upon the separation of Church and State, of "Cæsar and Peter," long leagued for the oppression of the Italians. It called the people of Italy to union, and uttered a cry of warning and of cheer, which echoed from the Alps to Calabria. The book was printed at Marseilles, and the custom-houses of every Italian State were commanded to prevent its entrance into the peninsula. Tuscany, though loving Niccolini, and cherishing his principles, could not stand alone and refuse to join in the prohibition. But good books are alive and winged, and no restrictions can prevent their entrance into the darkest regions of tyranny and wrong. In a few weeks three thousand copies were sold in Florence alone! The Grand Duke, liberal in his sentiments, winked at the sale, and lent a deaf ear to the minions of tyranny who urged him to prosecute the author. The following passage, addressed by Arnold of Brescia to Pope Adrian, will give some idea of the quality of the work:

ple of the celebrated Abelard, and maintained the propriety of a separation of Church and State, the right of the people to govern themselves according to the principles of freedom and righteousness, and the necessity of an entire reformation in the Church. He succeeded in persuading the Romans to establish a republic, which was demolished by Pope Adrian IV, and the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Alas! Arnold was born out of due time and, consequently, he was crucified as a heretic and rebel, his body was burned, and the ashes thrown into the Tiber, that his followers might have no relic or memorial of their leader.

Adrian, thy hope deceives thee. Through the earth
The terror of Rome's thunderbolt grows weak;
Reason has loosed the bonds thou fain wouldst make
Eternal-time will be, she will burst them.
As yet she is not thoroughly aroused;
Already human thought has so rebelled,
"Tis not in thee to rule it. Christ cries to it,
As whilom to the sick man-Rise and walk;'
"Twill trample thee if thou wilt not proceed.
The world has truths other than those proclaimed
Forth from thy altars; and no more endures
Temples that hide high heaven from its gaze.
Pastor thou hast been-be a father. Man
Will no more own himself a shepherd's flock,
Too long struck backwards by the pastoral staff.

Mankind hath tarried on its onward march.

Wherefore hast thou trampled thus, in Heaven's name,

On man, the last born son of God's decree?"

These lines give but a feeble impression of the beauty and harmony of the original, but they serve to indicate the nobleness of the author's sentiments, and the vigor and boldness with which he expresses them. What a grand and striking conception is that which represents Christ saying to human thought, "Rise up and walk!"

At the time we write, Niccolini is considerably advanced in years, but vigorous and active. He has lived to see the partial triumpb of his principles in Florence, and if spared a few years longer will witness their complete triumph, not only in Florence, but throughout the whole Italian peninsula. Long may he enjoy “his green old age," the love and applause of his countrymen, and the respect and admiration of the world.

We have space only to mention the names of Berchet and Giusti, poets of young Italy, of kindred sentiments with Niccolini.

Giusti has been called "the Beranger of Italy," and has written some keen and pointed satires.*

mm

* We append the following account of Mr. Mazzini, one of the most remarkable of modern Italians, and for a long time the leader of Young Italy. It is extracted from a letter of M. Felice, the correspondent of the New York Observer.

"A young man, born at Genoa, Mr. Mazzini, established at Marseilles, in 1832, a journal entitled: Young Italy, (Giovane Italia.) Mr. Mazzini had all the enthusiasm, all the impetuosity, and all the inexperience of youth; he was full of the most generous but inconsiderate zeal. He thought that the mass of the Italians would devote themselves, body and soul, to liberty. Blaming the chiefs and the rich men for lacking courage, he appealed to the populace. A true republican, he attacked kings, princes, and all monarchical institutions. In his journal he exposed the punishments inflicted on the patriots. 'Italians,' said he, 'awake at last from your sleep. Rise, march against Austria, against your tyrants, and at your shout for liberty you will see vanish all signs of despotism!'

"It is needless to say that the reading of this journal was strictly prohibited by the Italian princes. In Piedmont, a royal decree provides that whoever shall have in his house copies of the Young Italy, shall be condemned to the galleys for three years! an effectual means, truly, to prevent pernicious reading! The prosecutions were so rigid that even contrabandists refused to import the numbers of this journal; they preferred all other merchandise to this. Yet, thanks to the zeal of the patriots, the Young Italy penetrated everywhere. There were in each province, in each city, se. cret agents who disseminated copies of the journal, at night, at the doors of the theatre and other frequented places. Never did a periodical paper more deeply agitate the minds of a community. At the voice of Mr. Mazzini, a vast conspiracy was formed. The cities of Genoa and Alexandria were the chief centres of this republican movement. Turin and Chambery were also roused, and it seemed as if all was ready for a terrible revolution. "Mr. Mazzini, harassed at Marseilles by the French police, thought the favorable moment was come to lay down the pen and take the u. Не joined a company of Polish exiles. Some hundreds of Italians joined them at Geneva, under the command of Ramorino, and this small band penetrated, in 1833, into the country of Savoy. But the enterprise failed. The

The Abbe Lambruschini, nephew of the cardinal of that name, deserves the respect and affection of all good men. He has renounced, for freedom and the truth, the most distinguished prospects, and devotes himself, chiefly through the pages of the Florence La Patria, to the defense of civil and religious liberty. "O men of little faith," exclaims Lambruschini, with indignant eloquence, addressing his fellow priests, "why do you fear liberty of conscience and of worship? Do ye not confide in the force of truth? Do ye not know that God reigns, and that he makes all things concur to his glory? Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty. Liberty is not to be feared, neither for religion, nor for Christians, nor for ourselves."

But we have lingered too long in Florence, and must be off before the dawning of the day, in the direction of Rome.

peasantry of Italy and the people generally, refused to join the insurgents. Ramorino abandoned the expedition, before he had even met the enemy; and Mr. Mazzini, discouraged, fled for refuge to London.

'For eight years he kept wholly silent. He almost despaired of the deliverance of his country. He now publishes in England a new journal under the title of the People's Messenger, (Apostolato popolare.) The name indicates its aim. Mr. Mazzini has established a sort of school for Italian common people; to them his journal is addressed; by them he expects to regenerate Italy."

Mr. Mazzini, we believe, is now in Rome, actively engaged with Mamiani, and others, in revolutionizing the country.

CHAPTER XV.

Rome-The Campagna-Approach to the city-Its General AspectsView from the Capitol-Its sacred or ecclesiastical character-Rome a Church—Its citizens, priests, monks, shrines, relics, churches, ceremonies, etc.-The Pope-Religious services-Pagan element-A stroll towards the Vatican, Coliseum, etc.--Capella della Humilta-Services-Preaching.

We have left Tuscany, and entered the States of the Church, and are at once impressed with the poverty-stricken aspect of the country. How unlike New England or old England, with its beauty and thrift-how inferior even to the vine-fields of Etruria, and the plains of Lombardy. Whatever benefits Rome has conferred upon other parts of the world, it has been a grievous burden to central Italy. The splendor of Rome has impoverished the people.

Before us stretches the desolate Campagna, once "the garden of the Lord," now the dreariest and sickliest region in Christendom. Encircling the "holy city," as devout Catholics love to call it, itself suffering from internal exhaustion and decay, the Campagna furnishes a sad emblem of the withered and fruitless condition of the Papal church. We pass through it as we should pass through a church-yard, with a sort of mournful awe; for, after all, it is hallowed ground. Here, with their colossal armies, once trod the masters of the world; and yonder, gleaming in the light of a bright and balmy noon, that strange old city, with its mighty memories and magnificent ruins.