some men to whom, as to the sanguinary men of '93, from whom they have descended, the words, liberty of the people, convey the dark and terrible thought of destruction, and the horrible sentiment of hatred of monarchy; but these degenerate citizens, (if the name of citizens can be given to men who meditate the ruin of their country,) are very few in number. The people, the true Roman people, by their spirit of order, of obedience, of love for their sovereign, become the admiration of Europe and of the world, regard with horror these dark artisans of rebellion, and compel them to conceal themselves and their doctrines of disorder and blood. The exquisite good sense of the people will not permit them to be caught by their snares or hypocrisy. The people comprehend liberty only in connection with order; they do not separate the idea of their own well-being from their obedience and fidelity to their sovereign. This people, so good and intelligent, have carried into perfection the doctrine that O'Connell has made to be esteemed throughout Europe. To the most scrupulous obedience to law they have joined the enthusiasm of love. They demand, through the means of a kindly agitation, as Ireland demanded by means of a legal agitation, the reform of abuses, which through the effect of time and the passions, as it happens always and everywhere, have altered the nature of the ancient Constitution of the States of the Church, in which order and liberty are so well reconciled. And as it is impossible that the language of a people who love him should not be heard by a pontiff full of affections for his people, so it is impossible that hearts which bear such sincere love towards one another should not end by fully understanding one another.* O Rome!

* At this part of the discourse, the audience, which had scarcely breathed, could not contain their emotion. They were checked, however, by the orator, who reminded them of the sanctity of the place.

what glory do you prepare for yourself if you properly appreciate your position, if you are not stopped in your career, if you are not deceived, if you are not betrayed! What a fine page you will add to your history! A page in which posterity will be astonished to read the conquest you made of a wise and true liberty through the means of love alone!

"I say of true liberty, for as one description of gold is true and another is false, so there is a true and false liberty. Oh! how beautiful is the one! Oh! how hideous is the other! How

majestic is the one! How terrible is the other! How much the one breathes of grace and peace! How much the other inspires fear and horror! The one has adorned its head with the splendid halo of order, the other has covered it with the bloody cap of anarchy. The one holds in its hand the olive-branch of peace, the other the torch of discord. The one is clothed with the white robe of innocence, the other is enveloped in the dark mantle of crime, soiled with blood. The one is the support of thrones, the other is their ruin. The one is the glory and happiness of the people, the other is its disgrace and scourge. The one is vomited from hell, like the poisoned breath of the spirit of darkness, the other descends from heaven like a sweet incarnation of the Spirit of God! Ubi Spiritus Domini ibi Libertas!*

He then proceeds to show that true liberty must proceed from the sanctuary; that the church can alone proclaim political liberty in fixing the true and just limits of obedience, the true and just rights and duties of the people and of the governing powers. He eulogizes in extravagant terms Pope Pius the Ninth, speaking of him as the Divine Pope, the beloved and adored Pius-that great soul capable of comprehending all the instincts, all the necessities of this religious age-that noble heart so desirous to satisfy

* "Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty.”

them; dwells with rapture on O'Connell's devotion to the Virgin Mary, that " queen of heaven," that "star of the sea," and quotes with exultation his last directions: "My body to Ireland, my heart to Rome, my soul to Heaven!" expects his hearers to imitate the great Liberator of Ireland, to support the pontifical throne, true liberty and the sovereignty of the Church. "Let us be Christian citizens, and citizen Christians; let us unite with love of the people love of the Church, and love of liberty with love of religion; and thus walking in the safe path of the great Christian and the great citizen, for whose soul we pray to-day, and whose memory we honor, we will be partakers of the eternal reward which he will enjoy in heaven; we will on earth have the glory of deserving well of our country and of religion, and it will be said of us also-Liberavit gentem suam a perditione, et in vita sua corroboravit templum."*

The problem then of Gioberti, Ventura and Pius Ninth has been to unite the spirit of freedom with the claims of the Papal church; the order, superstition and repose of the Middle Ages with the energy, activity and democracy of the nineteenth century.

But all this has already been stultified by the strange and startling events which have occurred in Rome, and Pius Ninth, with all his good qualities, is an object of contempt and aversion to the great body of the Italian liberals. Even in Italy, Montazio, a Florentine patriot, writes as follows, and thousands of the people sympathize with him. At the close of an article which appeared in Florence under the title "The Pope is Dead," he says: "The Prince is no longer possible, the Pontiff is impracticable; the Pope is dead; and they who shall attempt to resuscitate his body will only cause men the better to see that it is already mortified

* Spoken of Judas Maccabæus, who rescued the Jews from ruin.

and fast dissolving into the dust. The Pope is dead-dead by the works of Pius Ninth, the last of pontifical princes. From his ashes will arise not another prince, not another pontiff; but a proper Father among Christians, a true servant of servants to give example to the world of meekness, humility, self-denial and love. The Pope is dead, and with him must die the vanity of the Church, its profane pomp, its corrupt and debasing ceremonies, its material idolatries, the cruel travesty of the true faith, the robberies of the goods of the poor and honest, under the names of masses, prebends and benefices."

CHAPTER XVIII.

The Bay and City of Naples-Government and People-Revolution-Counter-Revolution-The Villa Reale-Posilipo-Virgil's Tomb-Pozzuoli, the ancient Puteoli-Grotto of Posolipo.

GLIDING along the coast of the Mediterranean, after a pleasant sail from Civita Vecchia, at last we catch a glimpse of Vesuvius, covered with a dense mass of clouds. Making a fine curve, we pass the rocky promontories of Torrento and Miseno, and enter the bay of Naples, which opens like a vast amphitheatre, bounded by the city, and the long ranges of volcanic mountains, which all but encircle it with their blackened summits. Unfortunately it begins to rain, and the whole surrounding region is enveloped in misty vapor; a grievous disappointment to those who, for days, have been eagerly anticipating one of the most beautiful sights in the world! But we keep our station on the deck of the steamer, and wait patiently till it clears away a little, and then strain our eyes to discover the various points of interest in this celebrated locality. The clouds, however, still hover over the city, and hang, like a hoary crown, upon the head of Mount Vesuvius. A few moments and our highest wishes are gratified; gratified all the more for being disappointed at first. The clouds suddenly break away, and the sun shines out in full-orbed splendor. The city, with its palaces and castles, its long ranges of stuccoed houses and magnificent churches, lying upon the acclivity, and crowning the summits of the hill; the wide sweep