in all countries to which their commercial and industrial relations extend, and for that purpose will establish and maintain the necessary international organizations;

(b) undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control;

(c). will entrust the League with the general supervision over the execution of agreements with regard to the traffic in women and children, and the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs;

(d) will entrust the League with the general supervision of the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which the control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest;

(e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of communications and of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of all Members of the League. In this connection, the special necessities of the regions devastated during the war of 1914-1918 shall be borne in mind;

(f) will endeavor to take steps in matters of international concern for the prevention and control of disease.

ARTICLE 24

There shall be placed under the direction of the League all international bureaux already established by general treaties if the parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaux and all commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction of the League.

In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general conventions but which are not placed under the control of international bureaux or commissions, the Secretariat of the League shall, subject to the consent of the Council and if desired by the parties, collect and distribute all relevant information and shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or desirable.

The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction of the League.

ARTICLE 25

The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote the establishment and co-operation of duly authorized voluntary national Red Cross organizations having as purposes the improvement of health, the prevention of disease and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world.

ARTICLE 26

Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Assembly.

No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League which signifies its dissent there from, but in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the League.*

ANNEX TO THE COVENANT

1. Original members of the League of Nations. Signatories of the Treaty of Peace.

United States of America, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, British Empire (Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, India), China, Cuba, Czecho-Slovakia, Ecuador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hedjaz, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Serbia, Siam, Uruguay.

States Invited to Accede to the Covenant:

Argentine Republic, Chili, Colombia, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Paraguay, Persia, Salvador, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Venezuela.

*The members of the League through the coming into effect of the Treaty of Versailles on January 10, 1920, are: Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, British Empire Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Czecho-Slovakia, France, Guatemala, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Nicaragua, Peru, Poland, Siam, Uruguay.

The members of the League through subsequent ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, with the date of deposit of ratification, are: The Serb-CroatSlovene State, February 10, 1920; Cuba, March 8, 1920; Greece, March 30, 1920; Portugal, April 8, 1920; Haiti, June 30, 1920; Liberia, June 30, 1920; Panama and Roumania (ratifications announced by telegram, but not yet deposited).

The members of the League through accession to the Covenant under the invitation contained in the Annex to the Covenant, with date of accession are: Argentine Republic, July 18, 1919; Chile, November 4, 1919; Persia, November 21, 1919; Paraguay, December 26, 1919; Spain, January 10, 1920; Columbia, February 16, 1920; Venezuela, March 3, 1920; Norway, March 5, 1920; Denmark, March 8, 1920; Switzerland, March 8, 1920; Netherlands, March 9, 1920; Sweden, March 9, 1920; Salvador, March 10, 1920.

China is a member of the League through the coming into effect of the Treaty of St. Germain, July 16, 1920.

The members admitted by the First Assembly of the League of Nations are: Austria, Luxemburg, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Finland and Albania, December 15 to 17, 1920.

The members admitted by the Second Assembly of the League of Nations are: Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, September 22, 1921. League of Nations, Official Journal, July, 1920, to October, 1921.

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STATUTE FOR THE PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE PROVIDED FOR BY ARTICLE 14 OF THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 1

Article 1. A Permanent Court of International Justice is hereby established, in accordance with article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. This Court shall be in addition to the Court of Arbitration organized by the Conventions of The Hague of 1899 and 1907, and to the special Tribunals of Arbitration to which States are always at liberty to submit their disputes for settlement.

1 The relevant portions of the Pacific Settlement Convention relating to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, have been printed, ante, p. 476.

It seems advisable to print in the Appendix the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, inasmuch as the Court has been organized and was installed in the Peace Palace at The Hague on February 15, 1922.

At the time of the election of the Judges, forty-four States-of which the United States was not one-had accepted the Statute for the establishment of the Court. The eleven Judges were elected on September 14th, and the four Deputy Judges on September 14th-15th, by the concurrent and separate action of the Assembly and the Council of the League of Nations, at Geneva, in 1921. The first regular session of the Court after its organization will be held at The Hague, on June 15, 1922.

The Court of Arbitration was devised in the First Peace Conference of 1899. An attempt was made to constitute a permanent court in the technical sense of the word at the Second Conference of 1907. A draft convention of thirty-five articles, dealing with the constitution, competency and procedure, was adopted. The Conference, however, was unable to devise a method of appointing the Judges which proved to be acceptable to the Powers generally. But the draft convention was adopted and the Conference recommended the Court's constitution as soon as an agreement had been reached upon the method of appointing the judges.

The Covenant of the League of Nations provided in its fourteenth article for the constitution of such a court.

The Council of the League selected jurists to prepare the draft, and in the summer of 1920 five drawn from the Great Powers and five from the Small Powers met at The Hague. A method of appointing the judges was found, and an elaborate draft of the Court was recommended to the Council. That body suggested some, and the Assembly many, amendments, and in a modified form it was adopted by the Assembly of the League on December 13, 1920.

In its amended form it is in substance the draft convention of 1907, with the addition of a method of appointing the judges, and the articles of procedure taken, as recommended by the draft convention, from the Pacific Settlement Convention.

It is a matter of interest, and to Americans of pride, that the Permanent Court of International Justice was proposed by the American Delegation to the Second Conference at The Hague in 1907, in pursuance of instructions from the Secretary of State of the United States, Elihu Root, and that the method of appointing the judges and thus constituting the Court, was proposed by Mr. Root himself, and in person, at the meeting of the jurists at The Hague in 1920.

CHAPTER I.-ORGANIZATION OF THE COURT

Art. 2. The Permanent Court of International Justice shall be com、 posed of a body of independent judges, elected regardless of their nationality from amongst persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or are juris-consults of recognized competence in international law.

Art. 3. The Court shall consist of fifteen members: eleven judges and four deputy-judges. The number of judges and deputy-judges may hereafter be increased by the Assembly, upon the proposal of the Council of the League of Nations, to a total of fifteen judges and six deputy-judges.

Art. 4. The members of the Court shall be elected by the Assembly and by the Council from a list of persons nominated by the national groups in the Court of Arbitration, in accordance with the following provisions.

In the case of Members of the League of Nations not represented in the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the lists of candidates shall be drawn up by national groups appointed for this purpose by their Governments under the same conditions as those prescribed for members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration by article 44 of the Convention of The Hague of 1907 for the pacific settlement of international disputes.

Art. 5. At least three months before the date of the election, the Secretary-General of the League of Nations shall address a written request to the Members of the Court of Arbitration belonging to the States mentioned in the Annex to the Covenant or to the States which join the League subsequently, and to the persons appointed under paragraph 2 of article 4, inviting them to undertake, within a given time, by national groups, the nomination of persons in a position to accept the duties of a member of the Court.

No group may nominate more than four persons, not more than two of whom shall be of their own nationality. In no case must the number of candidates nominated be more than double the number of seats to be filled.

Art. 6. Before making these nominations, each national group is recommended to consult its Highest Court of Justice, its Legal Faculties and Schools of Law, and its National Academies and national sections of International Academies devoted to the study of Law.

Art. 7. The Secretary-General of the League of Nations shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of all the persons thus nominated. Save as provided in article 12, paragraph 2, these shall be the only persons eligible for appointment.

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The Secretary-General shall submit this list to the Assembly and to the Council.

Art. 8. The Assembly and the Council shall proceed independently of one another to elect, firstly the judges, then the deputy-judges. Art. 9. At every election, the electors shall bear in mind that not only should all the persons appointed as members of the Court possess the qualifications required, but the whole body also should represent the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world. Art. 10. Those candidates who obtain an absolute majority of votes in the Assembly and in the Council shall be considered as elected.

In the event of more than one national of the same Member of the League being elected by the votes of both the Assembly and the Council, the eldest of these only shall be considered as elected.

Art. 11. If, after the first meeting held for the purpose of the election, one or more seats remain to be filled, a second and, if necessary, a third meeting shall take place.

Art. 12. If, after the third meeting, one or more seats still remain unfilled, a joint conference consisting of six members, three appointed by the Assembly and three by the Council, may be formed, at any time, at the request of either the Assembly or the Council, for the purpose of choosing one name for each seat still vacant, to submit to the Assembly and the Council for their respective acceptance.

If the Conference is unanimously agreed upon any person who fulfills the required conditions, he may be included in its list, even though he was not included in the list of nominations referred to in articles 4 and 5.

If the joint conference is satisfied that it will not be successful in procuring an election, those members of the Court who have already been appointed shall, within a period to be fixed by the Council, proceed to fill the vacant seats by selection from amongst those candidates who have obtained votes either in the Assembly or in the Council.

In the event of an equality of votes amongst the judges, the eldest judge shall have a casting vote.

Art. 13. The members of the Court shall be elected for nine years. They may be re-elected.

They shall continue to discharge their duties until their places have been filled. Though replaced, they shall finish any cases which they may have begun.

Art. 14. Vacancies which may occur shall be filled by the same method as that laid down for the first election. A member of the Court elected to replace a member whose period of appointment had not expired will hold the appointment for the remainder of his predecessor's term.

Art. 15. Deputy-judges shall be called upon to sit in the order laid down in a list.

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