According to this tradition, the pay-roll would be as follows:

But this calculation seems to have been only a fanciful speculation of some of our ancient brethren.

The traditions preserved among us relate only to the pay of the Fellow-Crafts, and carry with them a much greater air of probability.

According to these, such of the Fellow-Crafts as worked in the quarries, and had been made the possessors of a mark, received their wages in specie, at the rate of a half shekel a day, and were paid on the sixth day of the week, at the office of the Senior Grand Warden of their lodge. But all the other Fellow-Crafts received theirs in the middle chamber, and were paid in corn, wine, and oil, according to the stipulation of King Solomon with Hiram, King of Tyre: "And, behold, I will give to thy servants, the hewers that cut timber, twenty thousand measures of beaten wheat, and twenty thousand measures of barley, twenty thousand measures of wine, and twenty thousand baths of oil." 2 Chron. ii. 10.

WARDENS. Two officers in a symbolic lodge, whose duty it is to assist the Worshipful Master in the government of the craft. The first of these officers is called the Senior, and the second the Junior, Warden."

Senior Warden. The duties of a Senior Warden are highly

important. He is, under the Master, to superintend the craft during labour, and, in his absence, to preside over the lodge. With the Worshipful Master and the Junior Warden, he represents the lodge in the Grand Lodge. The Senior Warden has the privilege of appointing the Junior Deacon; and to him, when the Master is otherwise engaged, are all reports to be made by that officer. His jewel is a level-an emblem of the equality and harmony which should exist among Masons in the lodge while at work. Before the Senior Warden is placed, and he carries in all processions, a column, which is a representation of the right-hand pillar that stood at the porch of King Solomon's Temple.

In case of the death, removal from the State, or expulsion of the Master, the Senior Warden presides over the lodge for the remainder of his term of office. During the temporary absence the Master, the Senior Warden will, sometimes, through courtesy, resign the chair to a former Past Master; yet, in this case, the latter officer derives his authority from the Warden, and cannot act until this officer has congregated the lodge. The same thing is applicable to the Junior Warden, in case of the absence both of the Master and the Senior Warden. This rule arises from the fact that the Warrant of Constitution is granted to the Master, Wardens, and their successors in office, and not to the members of the lodge. A lodge, therefore, cannot be legally congregated without the presence of at least one of these officers, or a Past Master.

Junior Warden. The Junior Warden presides over the craft during refreshment, and in the absence of the Worshipful Master and Senior Warden, he performs the duties of presiding officer. The jewel of the Junior Warden is a plumb, emblematic of the rectitude of conduct which should distinguish the brethren, when, during the hours of refreshment, they are beyond the precincts of the lodge. His seat is in the S.., and he represents the Pillar of Beauty. He has placed before him, and carries in procession, a column, which is the representative of

the left-hand pillar which stood at the porch of Solomon's Temple.*

One other regulation in relation to these officers, requires to be mentioned. When the lodge, by death or otherwise, is deprived of the services of any of the other officers, an election may be immediately held, under the dispensation of the Grand Master, to supply the vacancy. But no election can be had to supply the, place ad interim, of either the Master or Wardens, while one of the three remains. If two of them, as, for example, the Master and Senior Warden, have died or been deposed, the Junior Warden must occupy the chair during the remainder of the term, and appoints his Wardens pro tempore at each communication, until the regular constitutional night of election. It is only in the case where the whole three have died, or otherwise left the lodge, that a dispensation can be granted for an election to supply their place. Because, by the regulation granting to them only the Warrant of Constitution, without, at least, one of them to preside, and to assume the authority delegated by the Warrant of Constitution, the lodge is virtually extinct.

The situation of the three superior officers in the lodge differs somewhat in the different rites. In the French rite, they are placed in the east, in a triangular form; in the Scotch rite, the Wardens are in the west; in the York rite their respective situations are well known.

The Senior and Junior Wardens are also officers in an Encampment of Knights Templar, whose duties are, in some respects, similar to those of the Senior Deacon in a symbolic lodge.

WARDENS, GRAND. The Grand Wardens, who are the

The two columns which, in the York rite, are small, and placed upon the pedestals of the two Wardens, are much better represented in the French rite. There, two large pillars of bronze, ornamented with net-work, lily-work, and pomegranates, are placed on each side of the entrance of the lodge, in the west, and at their bases are placed two triangular tables, at which the Wardens are seated.

assistants of the Grand Master in the government of the Grand Lodge, must be Past Masters of skill and good report. In the absence of the Grand and Deputy Grand Master, the Senior Grand Warden takes the chair, and in his absence, the Junior. And, in case of the death of the Grand Master, the same order of precedence is to be observed, until a new Grand Master is elected.

In visitations, when the Grand Master and his Deputy are absent, the Senior or Junior Grand Warden may preside, but in this case he acts only as a Deputy, and must be received with the honours due to his rank, the Master of the lodge sitting on his right hand.

When a Grand Warden attends in the procession of a private lodge, he takes place immediately after the Master of the lodge, and two Deacons, with black rods, are to attend him, but the Book of Constitutions is not borne before him: this can only be carried in a procession where the Grand Master or his Deputy is present.

WARDER. An officer in an Encampment of Knights Templar, whose duties are similar in general to those of the Junior Deacon of a symbolic lodge.

WARRANT OF CONSTITUTION. No assemblage of Masons can be legally congregated for work, as a lodge, except under the authority of a Warrant of Constitution, granted by some Grand Lodge. This regulation has been in existence ever since the present organization of Grand Lodges, though formerly, a sufficient number of brethren meeting together within a certain district, with the consent of the civil authorities of the place, were empowered to make Masons, and to practice the rites of Freemasonry; and this privilege was inherent in them as individuals: it was, however, on the organization of the order in its present form, resigned into the hands of the Grand Lodges.

The Warrant of Constitution is granted to the Master and

Wardens, and to their successors in office; it continues in force only during the pleasure of the Grand Lodge, and may, therefore, at any time be revoked, and the lodge dissolved by a vote of that body. This will, however, never be dóne, unless the lodge has violated the ancient landmarks, or failed to pay due respect and obedience to the Grand Lodge.

When a Warrant of Constitution is revoked, or recalled, the jewels, furniture, and funds of the lodge revert to the Grand Lodge.

Lastly, as a lodge holds its communications only under the authority of this Warrant of Constitution, no lodge can be opened, or proceed to business, unless it be present. If it be mislaid or destroyed, it must be recovered, or another obtained; and until that is done, the communications of the lodge must be suspended; and if the Warrant of Constitution be taken out of the room, during the session of the lodge, the authority of the Master instantly

ceases.

It is called a "Warrant of Constitution," because it is the intrument which authorizes or warrants the persons therein named to open and constitute a lodge.

WELCOME. It is the duty of every lodge to welcome and clothe every worthy and well-qualified brother who visits it. That is, to receive him with the honours due to his rank, and to furnish him, if necessary, with the proper investiture. And a particular officer, the Senior Deacon, is directed to see that this duty is performed.

WEST. In the early ages of the world, the wisdom of men was concentrated in the easternmost parts of the earth; and the nations which had disseminated themselves along the shores of the Mediterranean, to the west of the plains of Shinar, were obliged to return towards the East in search of the knowledge of their forefathers. The West was then a place of darkness, and he who sought light was obliged to leave it and travel to the East. In