Turning to the map of prehistorical remains, we find that there are earthworks at Harborough Banks, near Ashwell; Earl's Hill, near Therford; Pirton; Ravensburgh Castle, near Lilley; Great Offley, Westmill, Stevenage, Watton, Frogmore, Sacombe, Wheathampstead, Hertford, Bonnington; The Aubreys, near Redbourn, Hoddesdon, Berkhamsted, Strafford, near St. Alban's, and Cheshunt. The most important earthwork is the well-known Grimes-ditch or Grimsdyke, "of which traces are visible on Berkhamsted Common, and which reappears on the other side of the valley of the Bulbourne, while a vallum extends in a bold sweep from near the town of Great Berkhamsted, through the parishes of Northchurch and Wiggington, to the north of the camp of Cholesbury, and thence to St. Leonard's in Buckinghamshire, continuing, it is said, past Missenden to near Bradenham. If the name of this earthwork be the Saxon Grams-dic, 'the devil's dyke,' it seems to afford evidence that the work dates from pre-Saxon times, and in Saxon days was regarded as of unearthly origin."

Another important earthwork, known as Beech-Bottom, between the site of Verulamium and Sandridge, is regarded by Sir John Evans as pre-Roman, and possibly connected with the large encampment east of Wheathampstead, known as The Moats' or 'The Slad.' The oval camp near Redbourn, known as 'Aubury' or The Aubreys,' is also pre-Roman. Berkhamsted Castle probably stands upon the site of an early camp, as British and Roman coins have been found there.

Palaeolithic implements have been found at Ickleford, Hitchin, Stocking Pelham, Bishop Stortford, Stevenage, Ippollitts, Knebworth, Welwyn, Wheathampstead, Ware, Hertford, Bayford, North Mimms, Cheshunt, and Kings and Abbots Langley, showing that the county was widely settled at a very remote period. Sir John Evans deals with Mr. Worthington G. Smith's discoveries' at Caddington, of the original land surfaces on which the makers. of these early flints worked. "He found their stores of unworked flints, the refuse chips and flakes resulting from the manufacture, broken and unfinished implements, and he was moreover able, by bringing fragments of flint together, to reconstitute the original blocks out of which the implements had been chipped." Such a discovery is, we believe, unique, and seems to afford abundant proof of Mr. Smith's claim.

The neolithic and bronze finds do not call for special remark, except that we may mention the large horde of bronze instruments found in 1876 at Cumberlow Green, Rushden, near Baldock.

1 Fully described in his book entitled, "Man the Primeval Savage," 1894.

The late Celtic coinage, that is, anterior to the complete subjugation of Britain by the Romans, is well represented in Hertfordshire; it is also a subject which Sir John Evans has made peculiarly his own. These coins form an instructive and interesting example of the gradual decadence of art among a relatively uncivilized people. Many of them were imitated from those of Gaul, which in turn purported to be copies of those of Philip of Macedon; but the later ones have lost almost all semblance to the originals, and the designs have become absolutely meaningless. The principal mint appears to have been at Verulamium.

The Anglo-Saxon remains in the country are few, and mostly unimportant, but there is one object so remarkable that Mr. Smith

states that its like has never been found in these islands, and but seldom on the continent. This is a bronze ewer, nearly nine inches high, with a pear-shaped body, a short curved spout issuing from near the top, and a thin handle with a pellet on the top; the mouth is circular, and has a hinged lid with a knob; the base is flat, and rests on three feet. The vessel, with the exception of the lid, is cast in one piece with considerable skill. It is stated to have been found about 1886, in the neighbourhood of Wheathampstead, with a glass tumbler, several human skulls described as male, other bones, and some bronze rings. It is now in the British Museum. The Rhine district furnishes the only known parallels, and Mr. Smith considers that this ewer probably came from that part of Europe.

THE WHEATHAMPSTEAD EWER.

The section on "Sport, Ancient and Modern," by various writers, seems a little out of place at the end of this volume, but it affords some interesting reading. There is a portrait of the Marchioness of Salisbury, about 1793, apparently in the somewhat unusual capacity, for a woman, of Mistress of the Hertfordshire Fox Hounds. There are also several plates of the St. Alban's Steeple Chase, wherein most of the riders are coming to grief.

The frontispiece, by Mr. Hyde, is a view of St. Albans.

THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY,

ASTOR, LENOX AND
TILDEN FOUNDATIONS

Engraved from the contemporary picture belonging to the Society of Antiquaries. Reproduced from Brayley's Londiniana.

THE CHRONICLE OF PAUL'S CROSS.
BY W. PALEY BAILDON, F.S.A.

T

HE story of Paul's Cross has been often told. Stow, Dugdale, Brayley, Wilkinson, Knight, and others, have all dealt with it in detail; Dean Milman, in his "Annals of St. Paul's Cathedral," has much to say of it incidentally; Canon Sparrow Simpson has devoted four chapters to it in his "Chapters in the History of Old St. Paul's"; while in 1892, Mr. John B. Marsh published a small work, entitled, "St. Paul's Cross; the most famous spot in London." But even with all this already printed, I make no excuse for the following pages. The earlier writers used the material available to them, but the later writers seem to have neglected the sources of information which the Calendars of State Papers and other publications of a similar nature have placed within our reach. Mr. Marsh, indeed, has used the Calendars published down to 1892, but he gives no references, and, as a rule, prints only a short abstract of the documents he cites. The worthy Dean, again, is decidedly polemical, and his references to Paul's Cross are scattered through the volume. Canon Simpson's book was published in 1881, and his chapters on the Cross, charming as they are, do not constitute a Chronicle.

I have, therefore, attempted to collect and arrange in chronological order all references to Paul's Cross, from every source. It is highly probable that I have missed some, and I shall be grateful for any additions. Many of these hardly require any comment, and I have carefully refrained from writing a page of more or less relevant discourse on a text of three lines, in the way that makes Knight's account at once so irritating and so interesting.

It is well over two centuries and a half since the citizens of London saw the last of Paul's Cross, and even its very site had until comparatively lately become a matter of conjecture.

Writing in 1841, Knight tells us that "a few years ago, it seems, a tree grew, but even that no longer marks the spot, where stood of old the famous Paul's Cross, towards the eastern extremity of the vacant space on the north side of the Cathedral."

1

Now, however, thanks to the careful investigation of Mr. F. C. Penrose, F.S.A., the Surveyor to the Cathedral, the exact situation has been marked in the stone pavement.

1 "Pictorial History of London," vol. i, p. 33.