Cauro Torgia FRO CA Alezano Montice Guivicaccia Palanca Contea del Frasso Arbitrecci Siche Belli Navi CMulo Mulo Cala di Orso Capanello PPolo Gulf of Valinco & Campo moro C. Campo mora Casa Durass ORNANO Groveto Perugna Valinco Pila Sudicaccia Coraa •Castellarg Po Giole Sart LETRIA Crocci laSarra Aule Fort Laria Soffbola Dorelto Tour Rocanina SCOPAMINE ALTALA Olmicia STrinita Bonifacion Cape Bianco STRAIT'S 50 P0 Guilliano OF 30 40 50 Paulo ROCCA Sollera Loracia orre Solenzara P.di Fotea o tea G.St Lit Bull The Bull la Sponzaglia Die Rondinara Gulf of Manza Corte Stentino Pellina I. 40 British Statute Miles. +30 129 the heaviest, when feparated from the whey, falls to the bottom. It is the leaft valuable part of the milk, gluti 1768. Virtues of different. Milks. Of Milks. From Letters to Married "MILK has been recommended, nous in its nature, and compofed of per food for infants, and, in the fourteenth and fifteenth, it is again fpoken of, as being equally neceffary for invalids, and aged perfons. It shall therefore be the bufinefs of this letter to examine fo far into the qualities of milk, and into the milk of different animals, as may enable us to determine what kind of milk is upon different occafions to be preferred, which will take in every thing, not elfewhere obferved, upon this fubject. Milk was before remarked to be a kind of white blood, prepared by the mother for the fupport of her young; fo far we may speak of it in general terms. In different animals therefore it is reasonable to fuppofe, and fact confirms our fuppofition, that the qualities of milk are alfo different; hence, by firft examining into its general properties, and, from thofe principles, fetting forth the peculiar variations in the milk of different animals, we shall arrive at the defired conclufion. In milk, by stepping into the dairy, we may difcern three principal component parts. After it has remained jome time in an undisturbed state, the cream floats upon the furface; it is the leaft in quantity, though moft nourishing, of an oily balfamic fubftance and inflammable in its nature, as the butter which is made from it plainly demonftrates. A lady, before whom I once made fome experiments, afked me why the cream floated upon the furface, for being, continued the, the thickest part, ought it not rather to fink to the bottom I told her it was the thicket part, to be fure, but at the fame time it was alfo the lighteft; fpecifically fo, as oil is lighter than water, and therefore riles to the top. The cream being taken off, the remaining milk appears bluifh, and thinner than before, and when thus robbed of its thick creamy part, it confequently is not fofmooth to the palate. On the addition of runnet, or indeed any acid, a feparation of the two remaining parts foon takes place, and we difcover the curd. This being March, 1768. of an aftringent quality. The third and only remaining part, being the whey of the milk, is the largeft in quantity, of a diluting and cleaning property. Let us now by this ftandard compare the different kinds of milk moftly in ufe with us, and apply them to the purposes for which they seem beft calculated. The human milk, when drawn from the breast, has exactly the fame bluish appearance as cows milk when the cream is taken off. It affords very little cream, and but a small quantity of curd, therefore the whey conftitutes the chief part; but the more healthy the woman is, and particularly if between the age of twenty and thirty, the more her milk abounds with rich creamy balsam, and the more it also contains of the curd or earthy parti cles; probably from her conftitution being, at this time, in full vigour, and the digeftive powers therefore more perfect. Thefe obfervations will point out the best fubftitute where the breast is denied, and will likewife direct those who prefer wet nurfing in the choice of the propereft perfon, for there is, in my opinion, an equal objection againft the milk of a very young girl, as againft that of a woman almoft paft child-bearing. The cleanfing quality, before taken notice of in the breaft of new milk, will alfo, together with reafon and experience, fhew the proprie. ty of recommending thofe women who have not been long delivered. Affes milk is generally allowed to be the nearest to the human, and according to the above experiments we find it fo, abounding moitly with whey, and having little of the cream or curd in it. Hence, after a fevere fit of illness, where the body is much emaciated, and the ftomach weak, or where the blood is loaded with fharp acrid humours, the cleaning quality of afles milk deferves a preference to that of any other animal which is ufed for this.. purpofe. In confumptive cafes, or where there is a flow habitual fever, it is juttly to be preferred, until fach R time 130 To prevent Milk's curdling. time as the constitution may have gained a little ftrength, when the more nourishing ought to fupply its ftrength. Mare's milk is efteemed to be much the fame as affes, but this indeed is in very little use. Cows milk comes next under confideration. This appears to be the richest, and moft nourishing of any of the brutes milk here mentioned. It abounds with a great deal of cream, for after ftanding twelve hours and being fkimmed, it appears equal to any other milk. It contains alfo a large quantity of curd, and, after all, even the whey is by far more nutritious than any other. We obferved that affes milk, in the experiments, moftly resembles the buman. Why then not prefer that to cows milk for the food of children? I do not totally deny the use of this milk for that purpose, but in our part of the country it is very expenfive, and cannot be obtained in any large quantity, for which reafon it would be impracticable to bring it into general ufe. March fels, and to give a firmness to the bones: but as these milks poffefs lefs of the cleaning power, it will, in moft cafes, particularly in bleedings, be properto use the more attenuating kind first. We have now examined the different milks familiar to us, and from their different properties pointed out the end each fort feems beft calculated to anfwer; whence every perfon will quickly be determined which to give the preference to in particular complaints. When any one first begins to eat milk, especially if a free liver, it may probably purge a little, but such inconveniencies will most commonly be removed by accuftoming the conftitution to the use of it, and boiling the milk will in a great measure prevent this effect. I have always remarked that those who, by reafon of a pampered appetite, complain of milk and vegetables being windy, and not agreeing with them, are the very perfons who moft require fuch a diet, for it is the debauched state of the ftomach and bowels that occafions their uneafinefs, which this regimen seems the mott likely to correct. I have recommended a little falt to be mixed with milk before it is given to children, if they are apt to throw it up curdled; and thall mention the experiment which induced me to give that advice, fince it is equally worthy the attention of grown perfons, fome of whom make this an objection to their eating milk, as I am inclined to believe fuch precaution will render it agreeable to most constitutions. There is likewife another reafon which inclines we to give a preference to cows milk, for notwithstanding the fimilarity of human milk to that of affes, the first may well be fuppofed moft ftrengthening, fince women ufually feed on animal as well as vegetable dict, while the brutes we fpeak of are confined intirely to vegetables. Whence, if we fubftitute affes milk, we hall fall short of the nourishmeut nature defigned for us, and therefore, for a young child who requires a put two ounces of milk, warm heartning diet, the milk of cows, in my opinion, is preferable, as the richness of it is, in fome measure, adequate to the fuppofed difference in the qualities of human milk, and that of other animals. The milk of fheep, and goats, confifts moftly of the curd, or earthy paricles; hence, where the blood veflels are injured by acrid humours, and frequent bleedings happen from this caufe; or where children are subject to the rickets, from a weakness of the bones, that milk which abounds moftly with the curd, or cheefy part, feems beft calculated to answer the intertion its earthy, mucilaginous, and atangent property, having the great eft tendency to heal fuch ruptured vef as it comes from the cow, into a tea cup with a little common falt. I put the fame quantity, of the like warmth, into another tea cup without falt. Then dropping a very little diftilled vinegar into each, a hard curd prefently appeared in that milk which had no falt in it, while the other with the falt was fcarcely altered. I tried the fame experiment again with a large tea spoonful of runnet, and observed the milk which had the falt in it, to continue in its fluid ftate, while the other grew thick and turbid, and almost instantly feparated into curds and whey. This laft experiment anfwered the best, and is much more to our purpose than the former. From these hints it feems realonable to 1768.. Hiftory of the Irish Odennial Bill. to conclude, that falt taken with milk might equally prevent the curdling of it, where there is an acidity in the ftomach; and from experience, in recommending it to children who used to throw up their milk in a curdled ftate, I am convinced of its utility. In all cafes where infirmities or age require a prudent regimen, I have directed a fimilar care to that of dieting children. Milk therefore, comprehends a very material part of fuch food, and I am fully perfuaded that if it were more univerfally used, the world in general would be greatly benefited. I do not, however, mean to be understood that I debar thofe from a reasonable quantity of animal food, who are capable of digefting it. But fuch as are emaciated by illness, or have the misfortune to labour under gouty complaints, fuch alfo who are confumptively inclined, or those who - have crazy, infirm conftitutions, and are fubject to an habitual feverish difpofition, will do right to eat flesh only once in the day, and, for the reft of their nourishment, to live almost, if not altogether upon milk.” True Hiftory of the Irish Octennial Bill. To the Editor of the Political Register. SIR, HE people of Ireland have at their fincere and ardent wishes, viz. a bill for limiting the duration of parliaments in that kingdom. But the history of this tranfaction is not a little curious, and therefore deferves to be recorded with the other extraordinary politicks of the times. Laft year, the electors of Ireland inftructed their reprefentatives on the fubject of bringing in and paffing a bill to limit the duration of their parliament to feven years, in like manner as the parliament of Great-Britain; and fo eager and fo unanimous were the electors in their defires of obtaining this law, that there was scarce a town or county throughout the kingdom, which did not infit upon their reprefentatives voting for, and supporting such a bill; and lome of them went to far as to oblige their members to make oath they would vote for it. Accordingly, when the parliament met in November 1767, the heads of a bill for limiting the duration of parliaments to seven years was brought into the House of Commons, and paffed; and, agreeable to the conftitution of that kingdom, the bill was, as the next step towards its paffing imo a law, tranfmitted to England. Here it is to be observed, that the true reafon of the Commons paffing the bill, was not fo much the ftrong and positive commands of their conftituents, as the hopes which even the Irish patriots themselves entertained, who had with fo much alacrity and fpirit propagated the idea of a fep tennial bill through the kingdom, that it would be rejected in England. And in order to go as far as poffible towards making this hoped-for rejec tion certain, they drew up the preamble in the ftrain of, Whereas it is the undoubted right of the people of Ireland ta a more frequent choice of their reprefentatives, &c. No man in his fenfes could furely think that the way to accomplish a refignation of fo much power by the crown, was by demand, or by an affertion that fuch power was unconftitutionally with-held from the fubject. That is impoffible. This curious preamble, therefore, undoubtedly arofe out of the motive abovementioned. In this ftate, and with thefe hopes, the bill was fent to England about the latter end of November 1767. It lay January 1768, or thereabouts. The poor people, and the poor reprefentatives, were all this time under the most dreadful apprehenfions: one ardently and inceffantly offering up their prayers to heaven for its return: the other withing, but not daring to avow their wish, that it might continue for ever under confideration. The mrs, fearing the odium they would incur by rejecting the bill, and fome body charitably informing them of the trap that was laid for them, determined at length to return it, though they were as little inclined to this ftep as the Commons were to the paffing of it; and the difficulty, or rather the jockeyfhip between them, was only which thould have the odium of its failing; each being desirous of throwing it upon the other. Such alterations were therefore made in it, as implied on the part of the Ad―n, the most direct oppofition to the bill, and which, it was thought and exR 2 pecked |