60 Sheppard, Furman, The Constitutional Textbook, (George W. Childs, Philadelphia, 1855). A text on Constitutional meaning concluding that impeachment was designed to reach any serious violation of public trust, whether or not a strictly legal offense. Simpson, Alex., A Treatise on Federal Impeachments, (Philadelphia Bar Association, Phila., 1916) (reproduced in substantial part in 64 U.Pa.L.Rev. 651 (1916)). After reviewing English and American impeachments and available commentary, the author concludes that an indictable crime is not necessary to impeach. Story, Joseph, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, vol. 1, 5th edition, (Little, Brown & Co., Boston 1891). A commentary by an early Supreme Court Justice who concludes that impeachment reached conduct not indictable under the criminal law. Thomas, David, "The Law of Impeachment in the United States," 2 Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 378 (1908). A political scientist's view on impeachment concluding that the phrase "high Crimes and Misdemeanors" was meant to include more than indictable crimes. The author argues that English parliamentary history, American precedent, and common law support his conclusion. Tucker, John, The Constitution of the United States, (Callaghan & Co., Chicago, 1899), vol. 1. A treatise on the Constitution concluding that impeachable offenses embrace willful violations of public duty whether or not a breach of positive law. Wasson, Richard, The Constitution of the United States: Its History and Meaning (Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, 1927). A short discussion of the Constitution concluding that criminal offenses do not exhaust the reach of the impeachment power of Congress. Any gross misconduct in office was thought an impeachable offense by this author. Watson, David, The Constitution of the United States, (Callaghan & Co., Chicago, 1910), volumes I and II. A treatise on Constitutional interpretation concluding that impeachment reaches misconduct in office whether or not criminal. Wharton, Francis, Commentaries on Law, (Kay & Bro., Philadelphia, 1884). A treatise by an author familiar with both criminal and Constitutional law. He concludes that impeachment reached willful misconduct in office that was normally indictable at common law. Willoughby, Westel. The Constitutional Law of the United States, vol. III, 2nd edition. (Baker, Voorhis & Co., New York, 1929). The author concludes that impeachment was not limited to offenses made criminal by federal statute. Yankwich, Leon, "Impeachment of Civil Officers under the Federal Constitution," 26 Geo. L. Rev. 849 (1938). A law review article concluding that impeachment covers general official misconduct whether or not a violation of law. |