1037. Harold Harefoot is chosen king of all England, and Emma is

1040.

1041. 1042.

1044.

1045.

1051.

1052.

1053.

1054.

1055.

1057.

1063.

1065.

1066.

driven out.

Harold Harefoot dies.

HARDI CANUTE, 1040-1042 (2 YEARS).

Hardi Canute sends to Normandy for his half-brother Edward.
Hardi Canute dies.

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, 1042-1066
(24 YEARS).

Edward the Confessor is chosen king.

Robert of Jumièges (the first Norman bishop in England) is appointed Bishop of London. Other foreigners obtain influence in the kingdom.

Edward marries Edgith, daughter of Godwin.

Robert of Jumièges is made Archbishop of Canterbury.
Eustace of Boulogne, on a visit to Edward, quarrels with the
men of Dover. Godwin refuses to punish them.
The king
calls on Siward of Northumbria and Leofric of Mercia for
aid. Godwin leaves the kingdom.

William of Normandy (a) visits Edward.

Godwin and his family return, and the foreigners are outlawed
and take to flight. Stigand is made Archbishop of Canter-
bury.

Godwin dies. Harold his son becomes Earl of Wessex.
Earl Siward, in the interest of Malcolm, defeats Macbeth.
Earl Siward dies, and Tostig, son of Godwin, becomes Earl of
Northumbria.

Expedition of Harold against the Welsh.
Edward, the son of King Edmund, returns to England. Leofric,
Earl of Mercia, dies, and is succeeded by Alfgar, his son.
Harold again invades Wales with Tostig. Griffith the king is soon
afterwards slain by his own men.

Tostig is expelled by the Northumbrians, and Morcar, son of
Alfgar and grandson of Leofric, made earl.

Jan. 5. Death of Edward the Confessor.

HAROLD II., 1066 (10 MONTHS).

Harold is crowned king at Westminster.

William of Normandy sends to claim the crown, and is refused.

Harold collects an army, and fortifies the southern coast.

Sept. 20. Tostig and Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, land in
Yorkshire, and defeat Morcar and his brother Edwin, Earl of
Mercia, at Fulford.

Sept. 25. Tostig and Harold Hardrada are defeated and killed by
Harold at Stamford Bridge.

1066.

1067.

1068.

1069.

1070.

1071.

1072.

1073.

1074.

1076.

1078.

1079.

1082.

1084.

Sept. 28. William of Normandy lands at Pevensey.

Oct. 14. BATTLE OF HASTINGS. DEATH OF HAROLD. Edgar Etheling, grandson of King Edmund, is chosen king by the Witan in London.

William marches to Berkhampstead to cut off London from the north.

Edgar Etheling, Edwin and Morcar, and the men of London submit to William.

WILLIAM I., 1066-1087 (21 YEARS) (a).

Born 1027; Married, 1053, Matilda of Flanders.

Dec. 25. William is crowned at Westminster.

William visits Normandy, leaving Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and
William Fitz-Osbern in England.

Rebellions in Kent and Hereford.

Edgar Etheling takes refuge in Scotland.

William subdues Exeter, and the insurrection in the west.

The people of Northumberland rebel and call in Edgar Etheling;
they are subdued by William.

Harold's sons ravage Bristol and Wales, but have to retire to Ireland.
Malcolm of Scotland makes peace, and does homage for Cumberland.
Great rising of the north, with the assistance of the Danes
and of Edgar Etheling.

William retakes York, and ravages the country between the
Humber and the Tees.

Stigand is deposed, and Lanfranc is made Archbishop of
Canterbury. Several bishoprics and many abbeys are filled
up (b). [See Summary: Ecclesiastical, Part I., p. 309.]
The laws of the English are declared by twelve men elected from each
shire.

[At the end of this year only two bishoprics remain in native hands.]
Last struggle for independence. Edwin is killed. Morcar
joins Hereward, who is defeated by William. [See Sum-
mary: Union of Normandy and England, p. 331.]
William invades Scotland, and Malcolm "becomes his man.”
William leads an English army into Maine, and conquers it.
Conspiracy of the Norman earls. Ralf Guader and Roger
of Breteuil rise in arms. Waltheof, the son of Earl Siward,
refuses to join them.

Execution of Waltheof.

William refuses the demand of fealty, made through a legate, by
Gregory VII. (c).

Rebellion of William's son Robert, supported by Robert of
Bellême, Robert Mowbray, and others.

William besieges Robert at Gerberoi; Robert submits.

Bishop Odo, Earl of Kent, is apprehended, and his possessions seized by William.

William renews the Danegeld (which Edward the Confessor had abolished), demanding 6s. per hide instead of 28.