1163.

1164.

1165. 1166.

1167.

1169. 1170.

1171.

1172.

1173.

1174.

Three months later a quarrel arises about the jurisdiction over criminous clerks.

THE CONSTITUTIONS OF CLARENDON (a). Becket accepts them.

The quarrel is renewed at the Council of Northampton. Becket's
enemies intrigue against him.

Becket leaves the kingdom. The struggle continues for six years.
Expedition against Wales.

The Assize of Clarendon. It rearranges the provincial administra-
tion of justice. A jury of presentment is ordered in criminal
cases. General visitation of England by two justices.

Henry is absent from England for four years.

Frederic Barbarossa proposes to Henry to support the anti-pope.
Henry arranges his daughter's marriage with Henry the Lion of
Germany.

Louis VII. of France, who supports Pope Alexander III., gives
shelter to Becket.

Peace is concluded between Louis and Henry.
Henry returns to England. All the sheriffs are removed (officers
of the Exchequer being substituted), and an inquiry made
into their accounts.

Henry, the king's son, is crowned in England by Roger, Arch-
bishop of York. Becket and Louis VII. are indignant.
Henry hastens to be reconciled with Becket, who returns to
England and excommunicates Roger and the other opposing
bishops.

Becket is murdered at Canterbury.

Henry goes over to Ireland, and his supremacy is acknowledged by the chiefs.

Henry leaves Ireland for Normandy, and there submits to the representative of Pope Alexander III., clearing himself of the death of Becket.

Henry the younger flies to the court of Louis of France. Queen
Eleanor tries to join him, but is taken and imprisoned during
the rest of the king's life.

General league against Henry by the king's sons (Henry,
Richard, and Geoffrey), Louis of France, the Count of Flan-
ders, the King of Scotland, the Norman barons, and others.
Henry defeats the French and Bretons in Normandy.

Richard de Lucy and William Mandeville defeat the insurgent
barons in England.

The Scots invade England.

The king comes to England, and does penance at Becket's tomb. The English and Welsh remain faithful. William the Lion, King of Scotland, is captured at Alnwick, and the insurgent barons in Norfolk are put down. Hugh Bigod and other rebels submit (b). [See Summary: Struggle between Kings and Feudal Nobility, 1074-1174, p. 332.]

Peace is made, and Henry returns to the Continent.

William the Lion is set free on condition of doing homage for the kingdom of Scotland, and the castles of Lothian are placed in English hands (by the Treaty of Falaise).

1175. 1176.

1177.

1178.

1179.

1180. 1181.

1183.

1184.

1186. 1188.

1189.

1190.

1191.

1192.

Henry returns to England, and remains two whole years.
The Assize of Northampton. It gives instructions to itinerant justices,
which are carried out by six detachments of justices sent on circuits.
The marriage of Henry's daughter with the King of Sicily is arranged.
John, son of Henry, is nominated Lord of Ireland.

Henry arbitrates between Castile and Navarre.

A selection of five judges (a) is made from the Curia Regis, out of
which are afterwards developed the Courts of King's Bench and
Common Pleas. The highest appellate jurisdiction is reserved
to the king in the Ordinary Council.

Richard de Lucy (who has been justiciar for twenty-five years)
retires, and is succeeded by Ranulf de Glanvill.
Henry goes to Normandy, and of the remaining nine years of his reign
spends only two and a half in England in four different visits.
The Assize of Arms is issued to regulate the national fyrd (or
militia).

War between Henry's sons. Their revolt against him.
Henry, eldest son of the king, dies.

Assize of the Forest, to regulate the management of the royal forests.
Geoffrey, the king's son, dies.

Saladin tithe. First tax upon personal property.

Henry is expelled from Touraine by his son Richard and Philip of
France, who are abetted by John. Henry dies.

[By the Great Assize established in this reign recognition by jury in
civil cases is allowed (as a substitute for trial by battle).]

RICHARD I., 1189-1199 (10 YEARS).

Born 1157; Married, 1191, Berengaria of Navarre.

Richard receives investiture of Normandy, and comes over to
England, where he is crowned.

He persecutes the Jews, raises money for the crusade (b), and
releases William the Lion from his engagement with Henry II.
He leaves England only to return once for two months
in 1194.

William Longchamp, the chancellor, becomes justiciar and papal legate.

John, brother of Richard, receives a large grant of land.

Sept. 14. Richard, going on the third crusade, reaches Messina.
Glanvill and Baldwin, the archbishop, die in the Holy Land.
Queen Eleanor leaves England for Sicily, and takes Berengaria of
Navarre, whom Richard marries in Cyprus.

Richard arrives at Acre. July 12. Acre is taken.
Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, and John combine with the barons
against Longchamp, who is expelled, and retires to Normandy,
and is succeeded in the government as justiciar by Walter of
Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen.

The communa (or corporation) of London is first legally recog-
nised (c).

Oct. 9. Richard sails from Acre, and on his way home is seized