numbers of Englishmen from pardon in case he is successful.

1692. Mary (William being abroad) causes this declaration to be published with notes.

May. The French fleet is utterly defeated by Russell off La Hogue.

1696. Feb. A plot (arranged by Sir George Barclay) to murder William, and a design to invade England, managed by the Duke of Berwick, are discovered. 1701. James II. dies and Louis XIV. recognises the Pretender.

1708. The French fleet is delayed by the illness of the Pretender, who has the measles, and on sailing to the Firth of Forth to support the Jacobites, is put to flight by Byng.

1713. Oxford and St. John intrigue to secure the succes

sion of the Pretender.

1715. The Earl of Mar in Scotland, Forster and Derwent-
water in England, raise rebellions. Nov. Forster
is defeated and taken at Preston, and Mar fights
the indecisive battle of Sheriff Muir against
Argyle. The Pretender comes over, but soon
withdraws (1716) with Mar. Derwentwater and
others are executed. Forster escapes from prison.
1719. The Spaniards invade Scotland, and are joined by
some Highlanders, but are defeated at Glenshiels.
1722. A Jacobite conspiracy is discovered, and Atterbury,
Bishop of Rochester, is sent to the Tower.
1744. The French fleet which was prepared to support an
expedition of Charles Edward to England is so
much damaged by a storm that the attempt is
abandoned.

1745. Landing of Charles Edward Stuart in the Highlands.
He outwits Cope; is proclaimed at Edinburgh.
Defeats Cope at Prestonpans, Sept. 21; takes Car-
lisle, Nov. 15; reaches Derby, Dec. 4, and retreats;
reaches Glasgow, Dec. 25.

1746. Charles Edward defeats General Hawley at Falkirk,
Jan. 17, but is defeated at Culloden, April 16.
Execution of Kilmarnock, Balmerino, Lovat (1747),
Derwentwater (or Charles Radcliffe) (1747), and
Dr. Cameron (1753).

[1788. Death of Prince Charles Edward.]

[1807. Death of Cardinal Henry of York, the last of the Stuarts.]

FRENCH WAR.-1793-1815.

1793. War declared by England against France, Feb. 11. Troops are sent to Holland and to the south of France.

Toulon occupied and abandoned.

1794. Lord Howe gains a great victory over the French fleet, June 1.

The Duke of York is defeated at Bois-le-Duc.

1795. Return of the British from Holland.

Fruitless expedition to Quiberon Bay.

1796. The French expedition to Ireland is dispersed by a storm, and proves a complete failure.

1797. Sir John Jervis and Nelson defeat the French and Spaniards off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 14.

Admiral Duncan defeats the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, Oct. 11.

1798. Aug. 1. Nelson utterly defeats the fleet which had conveyed Napoleon and his army to Egypt in the battle of the Nile.

1799. Sir Sidney Smith helps the Turks to hold Acre against Napoleon.

The Duke of York takes command of the English expedition to Holland, and is defeated at Bergen. 1800. Lord Grenville rejects Buonaparte's proposals of peace. Lord Keith in conjunction with the Austrians besieges Genoa.

Malta is captured from the French.

The Armed Neutrality between Russia, Sweden, Denmark, and Prussia is revived.

1801. Abercrombie defeats the French at Alexandria, but is killed.

Nelson destroys the Danish fleet off Copenhagen, and the Armed Neutrality is broken up.

1802. Treaty of Amiens signed.

1803. Declaration of war.

Napoleon prepares for invasion.

volunteers formed.

Large bodies of

1805. Napoleon attempts, by decoying Nelson away to the West Indies, to gain command of the Channel, but fails.

July 22. Sir Robert Calder fights the French and
Spanish fleets off Ferrol.

Napoleon breaks up his camp at Boulogne, and
gives up his expedition against England.

Oct. 21. The French and Spanish fleets are defeated off Cape Trafalgar, but Nelson is killed.

1806. Fox opens negotiations with Napoleon, but fails. General Stuart lands in Calabria, and defeats the French at Maida.

Napoleon issues his Berlin Decrees against English

commerce.

1807. The Orders in Council are issued in reply to the Berlin Decrees.

General Whitelocke is defeated in an expedition against Buenos Ayres, and is dismissed from the service.

An expedition against Copenhagen bombards the city and forces the surrender of the fleet. Heligoland is taken.

1808. The Spaniards rise against the French and demand help from England. Sir Arthur Wellesley is sent to Portugal, and the war in the Peninsula begins. Aug. Sir Arthur Wellesley defeats the French at Roriça and Vimiero.

Portugal is evacuated in accordance with the Con-
vention of Cintra.

Sir John Moore having taken the command of the
English in Portugal, advances into Spain towards
Burgos to relieve the Spaniards.

1809. He retires to Corunna and defeats the French, but is killed in the action, Jan. 16.

Sir Arthur Wellesley defeats Soult at Oporto and
Victor at Talavera, but being unsupported by the
Spaniards is obliged to retreat.

A great expedition is sent to Walcheren under Lord
Chatham, and proves a complete failure.

1810. Lord Wellington defeats Masséna at Busaco (Sept.), and retires behind the lines at Torres Vedras, which Masséna cannot penetrate, and is forced to retreat (Nov.).

1811. Sir Thomas Graham defeats Victor at Barossa, and Masséna retires towards Ciudad Rodrigo.

May. Wellington defeats Masséna at Fuentes d'Onoro

and takes Almeida.

[For Catholic Disabilities see 1562, 1678, 1700, etc., and Summary, Ireland, p. 323.]

1778. Sir G. Savile passes his measure for the relief of
Roman Catholics.

1801. Pitt proposes to pass a measure for the relief of the
Catholics. The king opposes it, and Pitt with his
friends resigns. Addington forms a ministry, but
the illness of the king delays the proceedings.
1804. Pitt forms a new administration, and agrees not to
bring up the Catholic question.

1805. Lord Grenville's motion to consider the Catholic
disabilities rejected by 178 to 49, and a similar
motion by Fox in the Commons rejected by 236 to
124.

1810. Grattan's motion in favour of the Catholics is defeated by 213 to 109; in 1811 by 146 to 83; and in 1812 by 300 to 215. Similar motions in the Lords by Lord Donoughmore rejected by 154 to 68; in 1811 by 121 to 62; in 1812 by 174 to 102. 1812. July. Canning carries a motion for the consideration of the laws affecting Catholics early in the following session by 235 to 106. A similar motion by the Marquis Wellesley lost in the House of Lords by 126 to 125.

1813. Feb. Grattan introduces a bill for Catholic relief which passes the second reading by 245 to 203, but in Committee the clause admitting Catholics to sit in Parliament is rejected by 251 to 247, and the bill is abandoned. (The Speaker, Abbot, headed the opposition to the bill.)

1815. Sir H. Parnell's motion for a committee to consider Catholic claims rejected by 228 to 147, and a similar motion by Lord Donoughmore rejected by 86 to 60.

In this Summary the details differ considerably from the general outline, and there are various additions with a view of making the progress of the movement clearer.

1816. Grattan's motion to consider the Catholic claims rejected by 172 to 141, and in 1817 by 245 to 221. Similar motion by Lord Donoughmore rejected by 73 to 69, and in 1817 by 142 to 90.

1817. The Military and Naval Officers' Oath Bill passed, opening all ranks in the army and navy to Catholics.

1819. Grattan's motion for committee to consider the Catholic claims rejected by 245 to 221, and Lord Donoughmore's (in the Lords) by 147 to 106.

1820. Death of Grattan.

1821. Plunket carries a motion to go into Committee upon the Catholic claims by 227 to 221: he then introduces a bill, which passes the second reading by 254 to 243, and the third reading by 216 to 197, but is thrown out in the Lords by 159 to 120.

1822. Canning's bill to admit Catholic Peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords passes the Commons (leave given by 249 to 244; second reading passed by 235 to 223), but it is rejected in the Lords by

171 to 129.

1823. Plunket again introduces the Catholic claims, but on his motion to go into Committee to consider them, the adjournment of the House is carried by 313 to 111. Burdett, Hume, Hobhouse, and many leading Whigs leave the House, and refuse to follow Plunket's lead on account of his having joined the Government. Violent quarrel between Canning and Brougham during the debate. Lord Nugent's bills for admitting English Catholics to the franchise, and for making them eligible for certain offices, pass the Commons: the first is rejected in the Lords by 80 to 73, and the second dropped. The bills are reintroduced in the Lords in 1824 by Lansdowne, and rejected by 139 to 101, and 143 to 109.

The Catholic Association in Ireland is formed. 1825. The Catholic Association is suppressed by a bill in

Parliament limited to three years.

Burdett carries a motion to go into Committee to consider the Catholic claims by 247 to 234, and then introduces a bill which passes the second reading by 268 to 241, and the third reading by 248 to 227. It is thrown out in the Lords on the second reading by 178 to 130.

1827. Burdett's motion for consideration of the Catholic claims rejected by 276 to 272.

1828. Revival of the Catholic Association.

Burdett's resolution to consider the Catholic claims
is carried by 272 to 266, but the Lords refuse to
concur by 181 to 137.

O'Connell is elected M.P. for Clare County against
Vesey Fitzgerald (who had stood for re-election
on accepting office as President of the Board of
Trade) by 2057 to 983.

1829. The ministry determine to grant Emancipation.
Peel resigns his seat for Oxford University, and is
defeated by Sir R. Inglis (755 to 609). He is then
returned for Westbury.

An Act passed suppressing the Catholic Association. March. The Catholic Relief Bill carried through the Commons (leave given by 348 to 160; second reading passed by 353 to 173; third reading by 320 to 142).

April. The bill passes the Lords (second reading by 217 to 112; third reading by 213 to 109).

CORN LAWS.-1815-1846.*

[For history of the Corn Laws up to 1815 see note (d), p. 190.]
1815. Corn Law Act passed prohibiting importation when
the price is below 80s. per quarter (carried in the
Lords by 245 to 77, and in the Commons by 128 to 21.)
1822. Amendment of the Act of 1815. Foreign corn ad-
mitted at 70s. with a duty of 12s., to be reduced
to 5s. when the price is 80s., and to 1s. when the
price is 85s.
1823. Whitmore's motion to reduce the importation price
by 2s. annually till it reaches 60s. rejected by 78
to 25.

1824. Whitmore's motion to admit importation at 55s. re-
jected by 187 to 47. A similar motion in 1826
rejected by 215 to 81.

1827. Canning's Corn Bill, introducing a sliding scale (20s.
duty when the price is at 60s., decreasing to ls. at
70s., and increasing by 2s. for every 1s. decrease in
price), passes the Commons but is lost in the
Lords through an amendment of Wellington
(carried by 78 to 74, and confirmed on the report
by 133 to 122) that foreign corn should not be
taken out of bond till the price reaches 66s.
(In the Commons an amendment to impose the 20s.
duty at 64s. rejected by 229 to 160, and one by
Whitmore to impose the 20s. duty at 50s. rejected
by 335 to 50.)

1828. Wellington's sliding scale passed (duty of 36s. 8d. at
50s., decreasing to 16s. 8d. at 68s., and 1s. at 73s.,
and increasing as the price falls). Amendment by
Hume for a fixed duty of 15s., to be reduced to 10s.
in 1834, rejected by 139 to 27.

1829. Hume's motion for a committee to consider the Corn Laws with a view to their repeal rejected by 154 to 12. Similar motion in 1831 rejected by 194 to 6. 1833. Whitmore (in the Commons) and Lord Fitzwilliam (in the Lords) introduce resolutions condemnatory of the Corn Laws, which are rejected, the former by 305 to 206, and the latter without division. Fryer's bill for the repeal of the Corn Laws rejected by 73 to 47.

1834. Hume's motion on the Corn Laws is defeated by 157

is thrown out by 300 to 95.

Sept. Anti-Corn Law League formed.

1839. Feb. Villiers' motion to hear counsel in support of a petition against the Corn Laws rejected by 361 to 172.

March. Villiers' motion for a committee on the
Corn Laws rejected by 342 to 195, and in 1840 by
300 to 177.

Lord Fitzwilliam's resolutions in the Lords condem-
natory of the Corn Laws rejected by 224 to 24
(Brougham, Durham, Minto, Hatherton, and Hol-
land in the minority), and in 1840 by 194 to 42.
[In the debate in the Lords, March 14, 1839, the
Premier, Melbourne, said, "To leave the whole
agricultural interest without protection, I declare
before God that I think it the wildest and mad-

*In this Summary the details differ considerably from the general outline, and there are various additions with a view of making the progress of the movement clearer.