1422.

1423.

1424.

1425. 1426.

1428.

1429.

1430.

1431.

1432.

1433.

1435.

John, Duke of Bedford, uncle of the king, is made
Protector of the realm.
Humphrey of Gloucester, uncle of the king, in Bedford's
absence is to be Protector, and the king's chief coun-
cillor. [The Privy Council acts as a real council of regency
nominated by a regular Act of Parliament.]

March. Gloucester marries Jacqueline of Hainault, and then
quarrels with Burgundy about her inheritance.

April. Bedford, who has been made Regent in France, marries Anne, sister of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (a); Arthur of Richemont, brother of the Duke of Brittany, marries her sister Margaret.

Battle of Crevant (secures the communication between the English
and Burgundy).

Peace is made with Scotland. James I. of Scotland is released.
Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, is again made chancellor.
Battle of Verneuil (secures the communication between the Eng-
lish and Brittany).

Gloucester quarrels openly with his uncle, Henry Beaufort.
A Privy Council (summoned to prepare business for Parliament)
tries to effect the reconciliation of Gloucester and Beaufort.
Bedford, who has been recalled, arbitrates between them on the
meeting of Parliament.

Bedford goes to France for seven years, and Beaufort is absent from England for two years.

Beaufort is made a cardinal.

The Pope tries to suspend Archbishop Chichele from his legatine office because he will not procure the repeal of the Statutes of Provisors. Chichele protests, and the bulls of suspension are seized by royal order.

The siege of Orleans is begun.

[In England there is a continuous struggle between Beaufort and
Gloucester for some years.]

Battle of the Herrings. French defeated by Sir John Fastolf.
April. The siege of Orleans is raised by Jeanne Darc. The
English retire. The French capture the Earl of Suffolk

and defeat Sir John Talbot.

Nov. Henry is crowned at Westminster, and the Protectorate ceases.
The election of the knights of the shire is regulated, the vote being
restricted to persons possessing freeholds worth 40s. a year. [See
Summary: Parliament, Part II., p. 303.]

Truce with Scotland renewed.

Jeanne Darc is burned at Rouen.

Henry is crowned at Paris by Beaufort.

Beaufort is secured by statute against all risks of suffering the penalties of "præmunire " for being cardinal.

Bedford's wife dies.

Bedford marries Jacquetta of Luxemburg, sister of the Count of
St. Pol (afterwards mother of Elizabeth Woodville), which
displeases Burgundy. He visits England for a year.
The Congress of Arras meets. The English refuse conditions
of peace (b).

1435.

1436.

1437.

1440.

1442.

1443.

1444.

1445.

1447.

1448.

1449.

1450.

Sept. 14. Bedford dies, and is succeeded by Richard, Duke of York, as regent of France.

The Duke of Burgundy joins France, renouncing the English alliance.

War goes on, with the gradual loss of Guienne and Normandy, till 1444, when a truce is made.

Paris is taken by the French.

The Burgundians besiege Calais, but have to retire.

The king begins to nominate his own council absolutely. [From this
time the Privy Council loses connection with the Parliament, and
becomes "
a mere instrument in the hands of the king or the court."]
Queen Katharine dies.

The Duke of Orleans (kept in prison since the battle of Agincourt)
is set at liberty by the influence of the peace party in spite of
the opposition of Gloucester.

Henry comes of age.

John Beaufort (Duke of Somerset, August) leads an expedition to
France.

John Beaufort (a) dies, leaving a daughter, Margaret
(mother of Henry VII.). Edmund, his brother, becomes
the representative of the family.

A truce is concluded with France, negotiated by William de la
Pole, Earl of Suffolk. [See Genealogy, p. 68.]

Henry marries Margaret of Anjou. It is agreed that Anjou and
Maine shall be given up to Réné, her father.

Suffolk (now marquis) is thanked for his negotiations by both
Houses of Parliament. He takes the lead in the Council,
and devotes himself to the service of the young queen.

Feb. Parliament at Bury St. Edmunds.

Gloucester is arrested and charged with high treason, February 18. He is found dead, February 23. This leaves Richard of York heir apparent.

April. Cardinal Beaufort dies.

Sept. Edmund Beaufort (Duke of Somerset, 1448) is appointed
Lieutenant in France.

Anjou and Maine being given up, the garrisons which are set free
ravage Brittany and capture Fougères.

The French consider the truce broken, and invade and conquer Normandy. [At the end of this year the English hold in the north only Honfleur, Bayeux, Caen, and Cherbourg.]

War breaks out with Scotland, and a truce is made.

The Commons attempt to tax the clergy, but the king refers their
proposal through the Lords Spiritual to Convocation (b).
Unpopularity of Suffolk and his ministers, Moleyns, Bishop of
Chichester, Ascough, Bishop of Salisbury, and Lord Say.
Jan. Murder of Moleyns at Portsmouth.

Feb. Suffolk is impeached, puts himself on the king's
mercy. He is banished for five years, but is over-
taken and beheaded, May 2.

May. Rebellion of Cade.

June. Ascough is murdered in Wiltshire.

1450.

1451.

1452.

1453.

1454.

1455.

1456.

1458. 1459.

1460.

1461.

July. Cade enters London and beheads Lord Say.

Fight on London Bridge. The insurgents are driven out, terms are accepted by them, but Cade, continuing the insurrection, is killed.

The Duke of York returns from Ireland to England.

The Duke of Somerset returns from Normandy to England.
A proposal is made in the House of Commons to declare York
heir to the throne.

Loss of Bordeaux and Bayonne.

York collects an army, and demands the dismissal of Somer-
set. Somerset and the king force York to swear alle-
giance.
Defeat and death of Talbot at Châtillon. Final loss of
France except Calais. [See Summary: The Hundred
Years' War between England and France, p. 332.]

In

The Duke of York arrests Thorpe, the Speaker of the Commons.
the next parliament they assert their privilege in his behalf, but
he remains in prison.

Henry falls ill, and becomes unable to govern.

Oct. Birth of Prince Edward.

Dec. Somerset is imprisoned.

Richard, Duke of York, is appointed by the Lords to a limited protectorate of the realm without prejudice to the rights of the Prince of Wales. He makes his brother-inlaw, Salisbury, chancellor,

Henry recovers. York is dismissed. Somerset is released, and with his friends returns to power.

The Duke of York, Salisbury, and his son Warwick take up arms to protect the king, really against Somerset.

First battle of St. Albans. Death of Somerset. Capture
of Henry.

The king recovers from another short illness. The queen and the
Lancastrians intrigue with Scotland and France.

Reconciliation between the two parties at St. Paul's.
The queen's attempt to arrest the Earl of Salisbury brings on the
battle of Bloreheath. Yorkists victorious.

Panic at Ludlow. Flight of the Yorkists. In the Parliament at
Coventry York and his friends are attainted.

July. The three Yorkist earls, March, Salisbury, and Warwick,
cross from Calais and win the battle of Northampton. The
king is taken. The queen flies.

York claims the throne and is made heir to Henry by Parlia

ment.

The queen raises forces.

Dec. Battle of Wakefield.

Lancastrians victorious and York

killed. Salisbury is taken and is executed at Pomfret.
Feb. 3. Edward, Earl of March, fights against Pembroke at
Mortimer's Cross. Yorkists victorious.

Feb. 17. The queen fights against Warwick at the second battle of
St. Albans, and sets the king free, who retires to the north.
Lancastrians victorious.

Edward comes to London and is declared king.