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1484. Death of Richard's son, Edward, Prince of Wales. John de la Pole (a), Earl of Lincoln, declared heir to the throne. Death of the queen. Richard proposes to marry his niece, the Lady Elizabeth.

1485.

Aug. 7. Henry, Earl of Richmond, having sailed from Harfleur, lands at Milford Haven.

Aug. 22. Battle of Bosworth.

killed.

Richard is defeated and

1486.

1487.

1488.

1489.

1492.

1493.

1494.

1495.

1496.

HENRY VII., 1485-1509 (24 YEARS).

Born 1456; Married, 1486, Elizabeth of York.

Henry goes to London and is crowned.

crown on him and his heirs.

Parliament entails the

The son of Clarence, Edward Plantagenet, afterwards Earl of
Warwick, is imprisoned in the Tower.

The king marries Elizabeth of York.
Unsuccessful rebellion of Lord Lovel.

Lambert Simnel (calling himself the Earl of Warwick, son of Clar-
ence), and John, Earl of Lincoln (a), land in Ireland and then in
Lancashire. They are defeated at Stoke, and Lincoln killed.
The queen is crowned.

A new court is established for the trial of powerful offenders, which is
afterwards merged into the Star Chamber Court, and revives and
extends the old criminal jurisdiction of the Ordinary Council.
Resistance in the north of England to the subsidy granted against
France for the help of Brittany.

Henry's troops which he has been compelled to send to the help of Brittany remain inactive, and Brittany is united to France by the marriage of Charles VIII. and Anne of Brittany (1491). Perkin Warbeck (calling himself Richard, Duke of York, son of Edward IV.) lands in Ireland, and is afterwards invited to the court of France. Money is raised by benevolences (b). Henry goes to France and besieges Boulogne.

Treaty of Etaples. Henry receives a pension and returns. Warbeck goes to Flanders, where Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, receives him as her nephew.

Poynings' law is passed in Ireland.

Part I. p. 322.]

[See Summary: Ireland,

Sir William Stanley is executed for conspiracy with Warbeck. Warbeck makes a descent on Kent, but fails. He goes to Ireland and thence to Scotland, where he is received.

A statute is passed giving security to the subject who obeys the king on the throne for the time being.

The Great Intercourse, a commercial treaty, is made with Philip, Duke of Burgundy, and provides that Warbeck shall not be received in Flanders.

Warbeck advances with James, King of Scotland, into England, but returns, after ravaging the country.

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1497.

1499.

1501. 1502.

1503.

1506.

1509.

Cornish rebels, resisting the subsidy for the Scotch war, are defeated at Blackheath.

Warbeck, coming from Ireland, lands in Cornwall, fails to revive the insurrection, and is captured.

Warbeck, having escaped and been recaptured, is executed with the Earl of Warwick.

Arthur, Prince of Wales, marries Katharine (a) of Aragon.
Arthur dies, and Katharine is contracted to Prince Henry,
then eleven years old.

The Princess Margaret marries James of Scotland.
The queen dies.

The Archduke Philip (a), wrecked in England, has to agree to
deliver up the Earl of Suffolk (b), nephew of Edward IV.
Henry dies.

HENRY VIII., 1509-1547 (38 YEARS) (c).

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1510.

1511.

1512. 1513.

1514.

1515.

1516.

1517.

1519.

1520.

1521.

1522.

Henry marries Katharine of Aragon.

Empson and Dudley having been pronounced guilty of high treason, are executed.

Henry joins the Holy League against France.

A useless expedition is made to the south of France.

Suffolk is executed after seven years' imprisonment.

Aug. Henry goes over to the north-east of France, and the French are defeated at the battle of Spurs.

Sept. Battle of Flodden Field.

death of James IV.

Defeat of the Scots and

Peace is made with France and Scotland, and Mary, Henry's sister, marries Louis XII. (who dies three months later, and she afterwards marries Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk). Wolsey is created Cardinal, and becomes Lord Chancellor. Birth of the Princess Mary.

Wolsey is made papal legate, with special licence from the
king to accept the commission.

Henry becomes a candidate for the empire.
Charles V. (a) visits Henry at Canterbury.

Henry goes to

France and visits Francis on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and on his way to England again meets Charles V. at Gravelines. Edward, third Duke of Buckingham, is charged with treason and executed.

Henry receives from the Pope the title of Defender of the Faith for having written a work against Luther.

Charles V. again comes to England, and Henry sends an army against France.

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1523.

1525.

1527.

1528.

1529.

1530.

1531.

1532.

1533.

1534.

The House of Commons (of which Sir T. More is Speaker) refuses to
grant the whole of a grant of money claimed by Wolsey in person.
[No Parliament had been called since 1515, or was called again
till 1528.] Wolsey begins a visitation of the monasteries.
Wolsey fails a second time to obtain the Papacy.
Henry changes his policy, and makes a treaty with
France.

Henry's attempt to levy forced loans being resisted, is withdrawn.
Wolsey goes to France, and the treaty is renewed, with a proposal
for the marriage of the Princess Mary.

Henry having doubts about the legality of his marriage with the queen, submits the case to the Pope.

A commission to Cardinals Wolsey and Campeggio to try the question of the king's marriage is granted by the Pope. Katharine appeals to the Pope, and the cause is finally avocated to Rome.

Fall of Wolsey. Sir T. More becomes chancellor.

Nov. 3. The Seven Years' Parliament, which carries out the
severance from Rome, now meets for the first time (a).
[See Summary: Ecclesiastical, Part II., p. 309.]
Parliament regulates fees paid to the clergy and forbids pluralities.
Cranmer carries the opinions favourable to the divorce which
had been received from the universities to the Pope.
Wolsey is arrested for high treason, and dies at Leicester.
The clergy incurring the penalty of præmunire, and being fined
for acknowledging Wolsey as papal legate, address Henry,
after much protest, as "Head of the Church and
Clergy so far as the law of Christ will allow."
Convocation makes the first proposal to limit the Pope's power by
petitioning the king and Parliament to abolish the payment
of annates to the Pope (b).

Parliament reforms the spiritual courts, and strengthens the
mortmain statutes.

An Act for restraining all appeals to Rome is passed.
Nov. Henry marries Anne Boleyn.

Cranmer is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury, and declares
Henry's marriage with Katharine void and that with Anne
Boleyn legal. Sept. Princess Elizabeth is born.

An Act forbidding the payment of annates to Rome is
passed, and the election of bishops by congé d'élire (c) (d)
finally arranged.

The clergy are forbidden to make laws binding on themselves in
Convocation without the king's consent. [The legislative
power of Convocation is thus practically suppressed.]

The succession to the throne is settled on the children of Anne
Boleyn by Act of Parliament.

April. For refusing to accept this Act, Sir T. More and Fisher,
Bishop of Rochester, are sent to the Tower.

May. Execution of the Nun of Kent.

An Act abolishing the authority of the Pope in England is passed. The Convocations of Canterbury and York declare that "the Bishop of Rome has no greater jurisdiction con

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