1553. 1554. 1555. 1556. 1557. 1558. MARY, 1553-1558 (5 YEARS). Born 1516; Married, 1554, Philip of Spain, Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed. Mary flies to the Howards in Norfolk. Northumberland's army deserts him. Mary advances to London. Northumberland, Lady Jane Grey, and her husband are committed to the Tower. Northumberland is executed. Bonner is made Bishop of London, and Gardiner Lord Chancellor. The laws concerning religion passed in Edward's reign are annulled in Parliament. Negotiations are opened for the marriage of the queen to Philip of Spain. Rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyatt. It fails. Sir Thomas Wyatt, Lady Jane Grey, and her husband, father, and uncle are executed. The Princess Elizabeth is sent to the Tower. July. Marriage of the queen with Philip. Cardinal Pole comes to England. All statutes against the Pope since the twentieth year of Henry VIII. are repealed (but the monastic lands remain in the hands of their present owners). The persecuting statutes of Henry IV. and V. against heretics are revived. Hooper and many others are burnt as heretics. Thirty-seven members of the Commons secede from Parliament. Cardinal Pole, papal legate, is made Archbishop of Canterbury. Stafford's attempt upon Scarborough with French help fails. The Spaniards and English defeat the French at St. Quentin. The French are defeated at Gravelines by the Spanish, who are Nov. Death of Mary and of Cardinal Pole. ELIZABETH, 1558-1603 (45 YEARS). Born 1533. Elizabeth retains Mary's Council, adding Sir William Cecil to their number. Elizabeth forbids unlicensed preaching, and allows part of the Liturgy to be used in English. A new Prayer-Book is prepared. Elizabeth refuses Philip's offer of marriage. Henry IV, Louis, Prince of Condé, ancestor of the Princes of Condé. 1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 1574. Charles IX. of France dies, succeeded by Henry III. 1576. Henry of Navarre puts himself at the head of the Protestants in France (f). The Catholics of France form a league. 1579-1580. Rebellion of Desmond in Munster is assisted by the Spaniards; but is finally suppressed in 1583, and is followed by extensive colonization. 1559. 1560. 1562. 1563. 1564. 1566. 1568. 1569. 1570. 1571. 1572. -1575. 1576. 1577. 1580. Parliament meets. The Act of Supremacy (a) is passed, with The Act of Uniformity is passed establishing the revised Parker is made Archbishop of Canterbury. Elizabeth sends help to the Scottish Reformers. The regent of Scotland dies, and by the treaty of Edinburgh it is A severe Act is passed against Roman Catholics (c). The advanced Protestants denounce vestments. Archbishop Parker and the queen enforce uniformity. Peace is made with France. The Commons resolve to petition the queen to marry, but are com- Norfolk is committed to the Tower for proposing to marry Mary. the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland in Yorkshire and the northern counties. It is suppressed with great cruelty. The Pope Pius V. issues a bull releasing Elizabeth's subjects from their allegiance. Cartwright, a leader of the Puritan party, is expelled from his professorship at Cambridge (e). A marriage is proposed between Elizabeth and Henry of Anjou (afterwards King of France). Parliament passes severe Acts against Romanists and against the introduction of papal bulls. The Puritans propose in Parliament alterations in religion, and Strickland, the mover, is ordered by the Council not to appear again in his place in Parliament. The Ridolfi plot having been discovered, Norfolk is executed. The Netherlanders offer the sovereignty of Holland and Zealand to Grindal succeeding Parker, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. A Jesuit mission under Campion and Parsons to reconvert England arrives. COLONIAL. (a) High Commission Court.-"It consisted of forty-four commissioners, twelve of whom were bishops, many more privy councillors, and the rest either clergymen or civilians. This commission, after reciting the Acts of Supremacy, Uniformity, and two others, directs them to inquire from time to time, as well by the oaths of twelve good and lawful men as by witnesses, and all other means they can devise, of all offences. committed contrary to the tenor of the said several Acts and statutes" (Hallam). (c) The Speaker of this Parliament, in answer to his request for liberty of speech, is told that it is granted, "but not to speak every one what he listeth, or what cometh into his brain to utter, their privilege was Ay or No. Wherefore, Mr. Speaker, her majesty's pleasure is that if you perceive any idle heads which will meddle with reforming the Church and transforming the Commonwealth, and do exhibit bills to such purpose, that you receive them not until they be viewed and considered by those who it is fitter should consider of such things." 1588. Henry III. flies' from Paris and joins Henry of Navarre. 1589. Henry III. of France is murdered by Jacques Clement, and is succeeded by Henry of Navarre (Henry IV.). 1590. Henry IV. defeats the League at the battle of Ivry. 1592. The Presbyterian Church established in Scotland by an Act of the Scottish Parliament. 1593. Henry IV. be. comes a Catholic. 1598. Henry IV. grants toleration to the Protestants by the Edict of Nantes. Treaty of Vervins between France and Spain. Death of Philip of Spain. Succeeded by PhilipIII. 1600. First charter granted to the East India Company. 1581. Francis, Duke of Anjou (formerly Alençon), younger brother of Henry III., comes to England to negotiate as to his marriage with Elizabeth. 1583. 1584. 1585. 1586. 1587. 1588. 1589. 1590. 1591. 1592. 1593. 1595. 1596. 1597. 1598. 1599. 1600. 1601. Campion is tried for high treason and executed. Whitgift succeeds Grindal as Archbishop of Canterbury, and persecutes the Puritans. The High Commission Court" is placed on a permanent foot- An association is formed with the sanction of Parliament to protect Treaty between Elizabeth and the Netherlands. Leicester Leicester is made Stadtholder. Babington's conspiracy is detected. Trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, by special commission. Pope Sixtus V. issues a new bull, and proclaims a crusade against [The Marprelate tracts grossly abusing the hierarchy are circulated at this time.] Sir Francis Drake makes an expedition to Cadiz, and destroys part Peter Wentworth is committed to the Tower for submitting questions Death of Leicester. Expedition to Portugal to support Antonio against Philip of Spain. English forces are sent under Essex to help Henry IV. of France. A second expedition is sent to help Henry IV. Acts with penalties are passed against both Puritans and Tyrone (O'Neal), assisted by Philip of Spain, rebels, and Sir John Expedition to Cadiz under Essex and Howard. Failure of expedition under Essex and Raleigh against Spain. Death of Sir John Norris in Ireland, and defeat of Bagnal by O'Neal. Essex is sent to Ireland against O'Neal. He fails, returns to Essex intrigues with James of Scotland, and with Romanists and Insurrection of Essex. His execution. Spaniards land in Ireland and fortify Kinsale. abolition. The queen consents to their |