Ethelfleda, the Lady of the Mercians, sister of Edward, fortifies

Chester.

War with the Northmen renewed.

Edward recaptures London.

Edward fortifies Hertford and Witham.

907.

910.

912.

913.

914.

917. 918.

919.

921. 922.

923. 924.

925.

926.

937.

940.

945.

946.

955.

956.

957.

Ethelfleda fortifies Tamworth and Stafford.

fortifies Warwick.

defeats the Welsh.

captures Derby.

Leicester surrenders to Ethelfleda, and the men of York make a treaty with her. She dies at Tamworth. Mercia is annexed to Wessex.

Edward captures Bedford.

East Anglia and Essex submit to Edward.

Edward captures Stamford. The district south of the Humber submits (a).

The North Welsh seek Edward for lord.

Edward advances into Northumbria and captures Manchester.
Edward fortifies Nottingham.

The Scots, Northumbrians, and Strathclyde Welsh choose Edward
for father and lord.

Edward is succeeded by Athelstan.

ATHELSTAN, 925-940 (15 YEARS).

The Cornishmen, Scots, South Welsh, and Northumbrians swear faithfulness to Athelstan at Earnot.

Anlaf, with Northmen from Ireland, joined by Constantine, King of Scots, and by the Strathclyde Welsh, is defeated at Brunanburh by Athelstan.

Athelstan (b) is succeeded by his half-brother Edmund.

EDMUND, 940-946 (6 YEARS).

Edmund conquers Cumberland and gives it to Malcolm, king of
Scots, on military tenure.

Edmund is succeeded by his brother Edred. Rise of Dunstan.

EDRED, 946-955 (9 YEARS).

Edred is succeeded by Edwy (son of Edmund), whose younger brother Edgar is underking in Mercia.

EDWY, 955-959 (4 YEARS).

Dunstan is banished.

All England north of Thames revolts and chooses Edgar to be king in his own right, who recalls Dunstan.

962. Otto the Great, King of Germany, is crowned Emperor at Rome.

975. The Danes, now separated from the other Northmen of Norway and Sweden, have to do homage to the Emperor Otto II.

984. Brian Boru becomes supreme king in Ireland.

1014. The Northmen are defeated at the battle of Clontarf, the turning-point of their conquests in Ireland,_but the death of Brian Boru plunges the country into anarchy.

959.

960.

966.

973.

975.

979.

980.

988.

991.

994.

1000.

1002.

1003.

1007.

1008.

1011.

1012.

1013.

1014.

1015.

1016.

EDGAR, 959-975 (16 YEARS).

Edwy dies, and Edgar is chosen king of all the English.
Dunstan, Edgar's Prime Minister, becomes Archbishop
of Canterbury. He assists the monastic revival.
Pacification of England by Edgar.

Edgar divides Northumbria, and grants Lothian to Kenneth, King
of Scots, to be held by him as his man.

The triumph of Edgar at Chester.

[Edgar's Ordinance of the Hundred and other Laws, 959-975.] Edgar is succeeded by his son Edward.

EDWARD, 975-979 (4 YEARS).

[Struggle of the secular clergy and the feudal lords of the south of England against the monks and the yeomen of the north.] Ethelred, his half-brother, is chosen king

Edward is murdered.

at the age of ten.

ETHELRED II., 979-1016 (37 YEARS).

The invasions of the Northmen begin again, and continue for thirty-six years.

Dunstan dies.

Battle of Maldon. Northmen victorious, Danegeld paid (ten thousand pounds) by decree of the Witan, for the first time. Sweyn, King of the Danes, and Anlaf, King of the Norwegians, attack London, receive money (sixteen thousand pounds) and food, and pass the winter at Southampton. Anlaf returns to his own country.

Ethelred ravages Cumberland.

Ethelred marries as his second wife Emma, daughter of Richard
I., Duke of Normandy.

Tribute (twenty-four thousand pounds) is paid to the Danes.
Massacre of Danes on St. Brice's Day.

Sweyn in revenge invades England again.

Edric Streona is made alderman of Mercia. Tribute (thirty-six thousand pounds) is paid again.

Money is collected to provide a fleet.

Tribute (forty-eight thousand pounds) is paid again.
Murder of Archbishop Alphege by the Danes.

Sweyn harries England. Ethelred flies to Normandy, and Sweyn
is acknowledged as king.

Sweyn dies. The Danes choose Sweyn's son Canute, the English
Ethelred, for king. Ethelred drives out Canute.

Canute attacks Wessex. Edric Streona goes over to him with
forty ships, and Wessex submits to Canute.

Canute marches through Mercia to York.
Ethelred dies.

1016.

1017.

1018.

1019. 1020.

1027.

1029.

1031.

1035.

1036.

EDMUND, 1016 (7 MONTHS).

The people of London choose Edmund, the rest choose Canute for king.

Edmund leaves London, which is besieged by the Danes.

Edmund collects an army.

Battle of Pen Selwood. Danes defeated.

Battle of Shirestone. Danes defeated.

(Edmund relieves London.)

Battle of Brentford.

Danes defeated.

(Edric Streona joins Edmund.)

Battle of Assandun. Edmund defeated by the treachery of Edric
Streona.

Partition of England. Edmund has Wessex, Essex, and East
Anglia; Canute, Mercia and Northumbria.
Edmund, having reigned seven months, is murdered.

CANUTE, 1017-1035 (18 YEARS) (a).

Canute is chosen king. [See Summary: The Northmen in England,
p. 329.]
Canute divides England into four parts, retains Wessex,
sets Edric Streona over Mercia, Thurkill over East
Anglia, and Eric over Northumbria.

Canute marries Emma, widow of Ethelred.

Edric Streona is put to death.

Leofric becomes Earl of the Mercians.

A Witan is held and Edgar's law renewed.
Canute goes to his kingdom of Denmark.
Godwin is made Earl of Wessex.

Canute makes a pilgrimage to Rome, and is present at the corona-
tion of the Emperor Conrad.

Canute returns to England.

Canute goes to Scotland, and Malcolm submits to him as his overlord.
[Malcolm had obtained possession of Lothian, which had been
apparently lost by the Scots since Edgar's reign, and he did
homage for it now as an English earldom.]

Canute dies.
[His dominions are divided between his three sons. Sweyn has
Norway; Hardi Canute has Denmark. England is divided;
north of the Thames it acknowledges Harold Harefoot, south
of the Thames Hardi Canute, who is represented by Earl
Godwin and his mother, Emma.]

HAROLD I., 1035-1040 (5 YEARS).

Edward and Alfred, sons of Ethelred and Emma, come over from
Normandy to Wessex. Alfred is blinded, and dies. Edward

returns.