Chemicality perceives the sensible chemical qualities of the objects; it enables us to judge whether they are sweet or bitter, sour or acrid, just as the organ of Color perceives blue, green, yellow, or red. I was led to the discovery of this organ, by repeatedly observing that the power of discrimi nating the qualities of food was not in proportion to Alimentiveness: I found many persons with large Alimentiveness, who, although addicted to intemperance in eating and drinking, were indifferent with regard to the quality of their food. Others, again, were remarkably particular and nice concerning their food, and could distinguish with astonishing accuracy the flavor of different wines and dishes, and yet were not disposed to indulge immoderately in their use. In these latter persons I found Alimentiveness small, but they were remarkably developed before Alimentivenes, and were prominent just under the eyes and near the nose; there was great comparative length from the ear to the base of the middle of the nose. These observations naturally suggested the idea, that the propensity to acquire food, and the perceptive faculty which ascertains the quality of food, depend on two separate organs.

After making many observations, I ventured to mention the subject to some of my scientific friends, and in every instance, they have, after repeating my observations, admitted their correctness; I therefore consider the organ as established. I have never yet found it small in those who were good judges of liquor. I have found it rather large in negroes, while Alimentiveness is medium, and accordingly they are excellent cooks, and yet are generally tempe rate, notwithstanding their degraded condition.

In looking at the brain to ascertain the precise part that produces the external fullness, I found a distinctly marked convolution at the internal part of Alimentiveness, and at the very root of Individuality. (See plate of the base of the

brain.) After much examination and comparison, I am satisfied that this is the organ. It is large in the brain of the idiot girl of Cork, (a cast of which has been published) and the external prominence in the cast of the head of the same girl, is in perfect agreement; indeed, it is large in every idiot I have seen, when the idiocy was caused by deficiency of the reflectives.

It would at first seem improbable that a convolution, situated so far back from the face, would produce an external appearance which could enable us to judge of its size; but the same objection is equally forcible in regard to the organ of Language, which, although smaller than Chemicality, yet produces an effect upon the eyes so great, that it led to the discovery of phrenology. The organ of Chemicality gives prominence to the bones under the eye, upon the same principle that the organ of Language gives prominence to the eye itself. It is also worthy of remark that the olfactory nerve is continued into this organ, and not into Alimentiveness, as is commonly supposed.

I attribute to Chemicality all the perceptive powers that physiologists have hitherto ascribed to the senses of taste and smell, and I cannot better illustrate my ideas, and shew the importance of the faculty than by the following quotation from Dunglinson's excellent work on physiology. Speaking of the sense of smell, he says:

"It enables the chemist, the mineralogist, and the perfumer to discriminate bodies from each other. We can, likewise, form a slight, but only a slight, idea by it, regarding the distance and direction of bodies, owing to the greater intensity of odours near an odorous body, than at a distance from it. Under ordinary circumstances the information of this kind, which we derive by olfaction, is inconsiderable; but in the blind, and in the savage, who are accustomed to exercise all their external senses more than the civilized indi

vidual, the sphere of activity and accuracy of this sense is largely augmented. Of this we shall have to speak presently. "We find it, too, surprisingly developed in some animals; in which it is considered, by the eloquent Buffon, as an eye that sees objects not only where they are, but even where they have been; as an organ of gustation, by which the animal tastes not only what it can touch and seize, but even what is remote and cannot be attained; and he esteems it a universal organ of sensation, by which animals are soonest and most frequently impressed, by which they act and determine, and recognize whatever is in accordance with, or in opposition to their nature. The hound, amongst quadrupeds, affords us a familiar example of the extreme delicacy of this sense. For hours after the passage of game, it is capable of detecting the traces; and the bloodhound can be trained to indicate the human footsteps with unerring certainty. In the case of the carniverous birds, we have signal instances of the accuteness of either the sense of smell or vision.

"Which of these ought to have the credit, it is difficult to say, and of course, almost impossible to demonstrate, by direct experiment. Those that have been hitherto instituted, are more in favor of the latter, than the former. The turkey-buzzard of the United States of America, is a bird of this class; and it is surprising to see how soon they will collect from immense distances after an animal has died in the forest.

"Humboldt relates, that in Peru, Quito, and in the province of Popayan, when they are desirous of taking the gigantic Condor, they kill a cow, or a horse, and in a short time the odour of the dead animal attracts those birds in great numbers, and in places where they were scarcely known to exist. It is asserted, too, that vultures went from Asia to the field of battle at Pharsalia, a distance of several hundred

miles, attracted thither by the smell of the killed! Pliny, however, exceeds almost all his contemporaries in his assertion on this matter. He affirms, that the vulture and the raven have the sense of smell so delicate, that they can foretell the death of a man three days beforehand, and in order not to lose their prey, they arrive at the spot the night before his dissolution!

"As the organ of smell, in all animals that respire air, is situated at the entrance of the organ of respiration, it is probable that its seat, in insects, is in the mouths of the airtubes. This sense appears to guide them to the proper kinds of food, and to the execution of most of the few offices they have to perform during their transient existence. Occa-sionally, however, they are deceived by the resemblance between the odours of substances very different in other qualities. Some plants, for example, emit a cadaverous odour, similar to putrid flesh, by which the flesh-fly is attracted and led to deposite its ova in parts that can furnish no food to the future progeny.

As regards the extent of the organ of smell, man is undoubtedly worse situated than most animals, and all these being in other respects equal, it may be fair to presume that those in which the olfactory membrane is most extensive, enjoy the sense of smell most exquisitely. It is curious, however, that animals which possess the sense of smell in the highest degree, are those that feed on the most fetid substances. The dog, for instance, riots in putridity; the birds of prey, to which reference has been made, have similar enjoyments. The turkey buzzard of the United States is so fetid and loathsome, that his captors have generally been glad to loose him from bondage; and it is affirmed, that if his ordinary fetor is insufficient to produce his release, he affords an irresistible argument, by ejecting the putrid contents of his stomach upon his possessor! One inferenc

may however be drawn from this penchant of animals with the most exquisite olfactories for putrid substances:-that the taste of the epicure for game, kept until it has attained the requisite fumet, is not so unnatural as it might at first sight appear.

"Like the other senses, the smell is capable of great improvement by education. The perfumer arrives, by habit, at an accurate discrimination of the nicest shades of odours; and the chemist and the apothecary employ it constantly to aid them in distinguishing bodies from each other; and in pointing out the changes that take place in them, under the influence of heat, light, moisture, &c. In this way it becomes a useful chemical test. The effect of education is likewise shown, by the difference between a dog, kept regularly accustomed to the chase, and one that has not been trained. For the same reason in man, the sense is more exquisite in the savage than in the civilized state. In the latter, he can have recourse to a variety of means for distinguishing the properties of bodies, and hence he has less occasion for acuteness of smell than in the former; whilst, again, in the civilized state, numbers destroy the sense, in order to procure pleasure. The use of snuff is one of the most common of these destructive influences.

"Of the acuteness of the sense of smell in the savage, we have an example, on the authority of Humboldt; he affirms, that the Peruvian Indians, in the middle of the night, can distinguish the different races by their smell,—whether European, American Indian, or negro.

"To the same cause must be ascribed the delicacy of olfaction, generally observed in the blind. The boy MITCHELL, who was born blind and deaf, was able to distinguish the entrance of a stranger into the room by the smell alone. A gentleman, blind from birth, from some unaccountable impression of dread or antipathy, could never endure the