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APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

LORD STANHOPE'S WILL

THIS is, &c. of me, Charles Earl Stanhope, which I make this 22d day of November, 1805, in manner following :

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I direct my executors hereinafter named to pay all my just debts and funeral expenses, and I desire that my funeral may be conducted without the least ostentation, as if I were to die a very poor man.

Whereas, some years ago, my wife Louisa did, with my consent, engage Mrs. Walburgh Lackner to give up giving lessons in music, and to agree not to play at concerts for money; and whereas that was a great sacrifice on the part of the said Mrs. Lackner, I give her the sum of £5,000 of lawful money of Great Britain, and also all my music-books, organs, and other musical instruments whatever. I also give to my most excellent and truly venerable mother £1,000.

To Mr. Samuel Varley, of Chevening, Kent, £1,000, and all my tools, machines, machinery, and instruments, mathematical and astronomical, chymical and mechanical, save and except such only as are bequeathed to Mr. Robert Walker. But in case the said Mr. Varley should not survive me, I give the said before-mentioned £1,000 and said tools and machinery to Miss L. Varley, eldest daughter of said Samuel Varley; but in case both of them should not survive, then the said £1,000 tools and machinery to go to Jane Varley, second daughter of the said Samuel Varley.

To Mr. George Dyer, B.A., £200.

To Mr. David Stone, surgeon, of Kent, £100.

To my friend Lord Holland, my picture, painted by Mr. Opie. To my friend Lord Grantley, my picture representing a picture gallery; my picture of Dr. Tronchin, of Geneva, painted by Liotard; and my picture of Madame Tronchin, of Geneva, which was painted by myself.

I give to Mr. Dean Franklin Walker, of Westminster, son of that valuable man Adam Walker, the Lecturer on Philosophy, my picture of Dr. Benjamin Franklin.

I give to Dr. Hutton, F.R.S., my original picture of the Great Sir Isaac Newton.

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I give to the Secretary of the Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, in Westminster, the picture of my most worthy and excellent father, painted by Liotard.

To my steward, £500.

To Robert Walker, of Vine-street, Piccadilly, my printingpress-maker, £200, and likewise all tools and instruments belonging to me which shall at the time of my death be in his possession.

To Mr. A. Murray, of Symond's-inn, Chancery-lane, £100. To W. Hillier, my under-butler, to W. Morsam, my footman, to Peat, my carpenter, to Matthews, my plasterer, to his son George, and to Martin Tye, my lime-burner, or to such of the beforementioned six persons as should be employed by me at the time of my decease, £50 each.

I likewise give and devise unto the said Lord Holland, Lord Grantley, Geo. Dyer, the Rev. Christopher Wyvill, of Bedale, in Yorkshire, the Rev. John Robinson, of Halstead, Kent, Joseph Jekyll, Esq., M.P., of Spring-gardens, the Rev. George Gregory, of Bedford-row, the Rev. John North, of Saffron-Walden, Essex, the Rev. David Stone, and Dr. E. Godwin, M.D., of Ashden, Essex, and to their heirs, all my messuages, lands, tenements, hereditaments, and real estate, which I shall be seised or entitled unto, either in law or in equity, and which I have the right to dispose of, subject to the payment of my just debts and funeral expenses, and the legacies aforesaid, in case my personal estate should not be sufficient to pay the same.

And I appoint the said last named 10 worthy persons executors; and I give and bequeath unto my said executors, or unto such of them as shall, within 12 calendar months after my death, prove, at Doctors'-commons, this my will, or act as executors in the exe cution hereof, all the remainder and residue of my personal estate and property whatsoever; and I hereby revoke and annul, &c. (L.S.) (Signed) STANHOPE.

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Proved by the Right Hon. Henry Richard Vassall Lord Holland, the Right Hon. William Lord Grantley, George Dyer, Esq.. Rev. Christopher Wyvill, clerk, Joseph Jekyll, Esq., the Rev. John North, clerk, David Stone, Esq., and Edmund Godwin, Doctor of Medicine, the surviving Executors.

APPENDIX II

THE STANHOPE DEMONSTRATOR

As some readers may desire further information in reference to the Demonstrator, I append a few extracts from Dr. Harley's exhaustive article.

'Earl Stanhope's Demonstrator is much less powerful as a logical instrument than Professor Jevons' machine, but the former is

undoubtedly a distinct anticipation of the latter. It is probably the first attempt ever made to solve logical problems by mechanical methods. Both in his quantification of the predicate and in his solution of problems involving numerically definite propositions, we see the Earl struggling, not unsuccessfully, to escape into some less confined system of logic than that of Aristotle. He shewed little respect for the authority of the ancient logicians. The same reforming zeal which he displayed in politics he exhibited also in the treatment of logic. He brought to the study of the subject a certain independence and originality of thought which led him to examine the foundations of the science for himself. "I intend," he declared, "to exclude entirely that long catalogue of pedantic words which are now used for the purpose of drawing consequences, and which are, generally speaking, both unintelligible to youth and unfit for men of any age, so far at least as relates to convenient and habitual use. My system of logic will, on the contrary, be found to have the striking advantage of uniting simplicity, perspicuity, utility, and perfect correctness. The science requires to be totally reformed."

'The materials do not enable us to give a complete or systematic account of Stanhope's views on logic. Even on the working of his Demonstrator we find in his remains no full or formal statement, but only scattered and fragmentary limits, and a very few simple examples. It is possible, therefore, that in the hands of its noble inventor the instrument possessed a range and power somewhat greater than is apparent to us. He attached to it a practical importance; for us it possesses little more than a theoretic or historic interest. "It exhibits the consequences symbolically," he wrote," and renders them evident to the mind. By the aid of this instrument the accuracy or inaccuracy of a conclusion is always shewn, and the reason why such consequences must of necessity exist is rendered apparent. As the instrument is so constructed as to assist us in making demonstrations, I have termed it the Demonstrator. It is so peculiarly contrived as likewise to exhibit symbolically those proportions or degrees of probability which it is the object of the Logic of Probability to discover."

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'All propositions are reduced by Stanhope to one form, namely, the expression of the identity of two or more things or classes of things. This " method of identification," as he calls it, is illustrated by numerous examples. For instance, " Hardness belongs to diamonds," means that "Some of those things which possess the quality of hardness and all diamonds are identic." Some printingpresses cannot be worked without great labour," means that "Some printing-presses are identic with some of those instruments which cannot be worked without great labour." In these examples we recognise an anticipation of Mr. George Bentham's four forms of affirmative propositions, forms which were afterwards adopted by Sir William Hamilton.

'Stanhope bases his system on what De Morgan calls the arithmetical view of the proposition; and this view determines the form of his method of mediate inference and leads to an extension of the common doctrine. He proposes a rule "for discovering consequences in logic," which is a remarkable anticipation of that given by De Morgan from the numerically definite syllogism. It is a noteworthy fact that he does not limit the rule to a special form

but puts it forth as embodying the fundamental principle of all syllogistic ratiocination.

'The Demonstrator consists of a brass plate 4 inches long and 4 inches wide, affixed to a thin block of mahogany. In the centre there is a depression 1 inches in area and half an inch deep, called the holon. Across the holon two slides can be pushed; one, set in a slender mahogany frame, is of red transparent glass and works through an aperture on the right. The other is of wood, and is called the gray slider. In working the "Rule for the Logic of Certainty " this slide is passed through an aperture to the left; but in working the "Rule for the Logic of Probability," it is drawn out and inserted in an aperture at the top, when it works at right angles to the red slide. Stanhope devised several other instruments of various sizes and construction; but they are both less simple and less effective. It does not seem possible for the Demonstrator in its present form to solve very complicated questions. It is constructed for problems involving only three logical terms; but additional slides would increase its range and power. To Stanhope belongs the honour, and it is a very high honour, of being the first (probably) to attempt the solution of logical problems by a mechanical method. There may be some difference of opinion as to how far he succeeded, but there can be none as to the ingenuity of the attempt. The contrivances of earlier logicians, especially the circles of Euler, probably prepared the way; but Stanhope did undoubtedly take a very important step in advance when he constructed his Demonstrator. His conversion of all propositions into the form of identities by means of the quantification of the predicate, and the principle of his mechanical method, namely, that the process of mind involved in the ordinary syllogism and that involved in the numerically definite syllogism are essentially the same, must be regarded as distinct contributions to logical science and as remarkable anticipations of recent discoveries.'

APPENDIX III

THE SCIENCE OF TUNING

STANHOPE'S Science of tuning Instruments with fixed tones,' printed at his own press, appeared in 1806, after conversing with sixteen or eighteen of the most eminent musicians in England.' In the following year, Dr. J. W. Callcott, organist of Covent Garden and a popular composer, issued a reply. His 'Plain Statement of Earl Stanhope's Temperament' describes the new method as 'incorrect, imperfect, and incomplete'; but after formulating his criticisms, he confesses that he has conferred a most invaluable benefit on the science of music by agitating a question which will probably lead to discussions of no small importance.'

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I append a brief précis and criticism of Stanhope's treatise kindly furnished me by Dr. H. W. Richards, Mus.Doc.

'In order to understand a little of the science of tuning, one must know the meaning of the terms: (1) Wolf (as used by tuners), and (2) musical Temperament.

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