ed on the north and east by the German Ocean, on the south by the counties of Perth, Forfar, and Kincardine, and on the west by those of Banff, Elgin, and Inverness. Its extreme dimensions are 85 miles in length from east to west, and 40 in breadth from north to south. The principal rivers are the Dee and Don. Besides these, there are the Deveron, which receives the river Bogie, the Ythan, Ury, Ugie, Islay, and many tributary streams. There are mineral waters at Peterhead, Fraserburgh, Aberdeen, and the Wells of Panninich in the upper parts of Mar. The lands, shelving from the mountains, abound with the most romantic scenery. A fifth part of the whole surface of the county consists of lofty elevations. Beinnna-muick-du is said to exceed Ben-Nevis in height, and be the loftiest mountain in Scotland; and the waste land, hill, moor, and sand, irreclaimable by the plough, occupies no less than 1250 square miles, while the arable land is calculated at about 750, and the woods at 150. Limestone is abundant in various places; there are quarries of excellent slate, and millstones may be obtained of good quality. One of the most useful productions is an extremely hard granite, difficult to be worked, dispersed in immense quantities, and in very large masses. The mountains of Braemar contain numbers of coloured crystals, or cairngorms; and many real topazes have been found here, as also the beryl. A large portion of the surface of Aberdeenshire is clothed with woods, which afford shelter to the red deer. There are considerable fisheries on the coast and in the rivers, particularly of salmon, in the Dee, Don, Ugie, and Ythan, the produce of which is sent to London. Pop. 192,283.

ABERDEEN, a seaport town of Scotland, in the county of Aberdeen, situated on the Dee, at its efflux into the German ocean. The bridge over the Dee may be called its south gate, while the Don bridge may be styled the north gate. It has a safe and spacious harbour; but the heavy surf from the ocean created a bar at its mouth, which prevented the entrance of large vessels. To obviate this inconvenience, a large pier was built by Mr Smeaton in 1776, and by an Act obtained in 1810, it was extended about 300 yards further into the German Ocean. It now extends many hundred feet, and gives a depth of water at stream tide of 21 feet; common tide, 19 feet. Very great improvements have of late years been made in the buildings and general aspect of this city, which have been aided by the very excellent materials found in great abundance in the quarries in the neighbourhood. The old entrance from the south was through narrow and winding streets, equally intricate and inelegant. A new entrance, of nearly a mile long, has been formed, which leads directly into the town through Union Street; and to facilitate this access, a fine bridge of granite, of a single arch, and of 132 feet span, was erected at an expense of L.12,000. A similar

entrance has been made from the north. There are several smaller streets that have been lately formed; but one of considerable magnitude and commercial importance has been built from Union Street to the harbour, in connexion with the New Market. These markets occupy a space of about twenty acres, and are fitted up with every conveniency. There are more than thirty places of public worship in this city, consisting of eight parish churches, besides chapels of Ease in connexion with the Establishment; five meeting-houses for Seceders; three chapels for persons professing the Episcopal persuasion; one Methodist meeting-house; a Roman Catholic chapel, in which there is a good organ; a Quaker meeting-house, besides two for the Relief body, four for the Independents, and others for the Anabaptists. A retreat for those who labour under mental aberration, on the best of principles, has been lately erected. Its results have been satisfactory. The city has numerous charitable Institutions, and a university called Marischal College, founded in the year 1593, and endowed by George, Earl Marischal. This college is now rebuilding at a cost of £30,000, of which Government has paid £10,000. This university has a good library, containing about 16,000 volumes; a museum, a complete observatory, and a very large apparatus for demonstrating the principles of mechanical philosophy. The languages, mathematics, moral and natural philosophy, natural history, and other departments of university education, together with medical classes, are taught here. The biography of Aberdeen displays a summary of excellent characters in various walks of life, possessing literary talent that can scarcely be surpassed. The general character of the Aberdeen citizens is honour, honesty, great frugality, and industry; hence the favourable results of the public establishments. Aberdeen is decidedly a literary place, which is shown by the number of booksellers, being one for every 1300 inhabitants, the greatest proportion in Britain. The chief public buildings are the town-house and prison, from an ancient square tower in the middle of which a spire rises 120 feet high; besides a court-house, lately erected, and which, for elegance and comfort, is one of the best in Scotland; a bridewell, opened in 1809; military barracks, erected in 1796; a neat theatre; the Assembly Rooms, erected 1821, very spacious and elegant; also Gordon's hospital for educating the children of burgesses. The New Infirmary, built of Grecian architecture, cest L.20,000, of which sum the late John Forbes gave £10,000. The new bank for the North of Scotland Banking Company, of Grecian architecture, cost £20,000. This and some of the other public buildings were designed by Archibald Simpson, architect, a native of the city. The manufactures consist chiefly of woollen, linen, and cotton, in all their different stages. There are four large woollen manu

factories, in which there are powerful steamengines. The manufacture of paper has been rapid in improvement, and greatly extended by A. Pirie & Co. Hosiery was a very considerable branch of manufacture, until greatly depressed by the fashion of the times. Fine cloth, equal to the best West of England, and carpeting, are likewise made; and coarse yarn is spun by machinery, and is partly exported in its original state, partly worked into canvass, sail-cloth, and sheeting. One of the most extensive flax spinning-mills in the kingdom stands on the river Don, in the vicinity. The manufacture of thread, both bleached and coloured, is carried on to an immense extent. In the year 1779, the cotton manufacture was first introduced, and the principal establishment lately employed 1000 persons. Besides these, there are manufactories of steam-engines, iron cables and anchors, nails, cordage, and all materials connected with ship-building, which is itself carried on to a considerable extent; even the manufacture of quills has been improved by Mr Duncan. Many vessels for the East and West Indies, Mediterranean, America, and Baltic trade, and for the transport service, are built at Aberdeen. There

are iron founderies; also several breweries, which produce 45,000 barrels of malt liquor annually. The principal exports are grain,' salmon, and great quantities of fresh butcher-meat, as well as live stock, sent to London by the steam-vessels, woollen, cotton, and linen goods; and not less than about 20,000 tons of granite yearly, for paving the streets of London and building bridges. The basement of the new Parliament Houses is built of this material. Aberdeen granite is now cut by machinery into any form. The imports are principally articles of ordinary consumption. About 500 vessels belong to the port of Aberdeen, whose aggregate burden amounts to about 40,500 tons, and are engaged in the whale fishery, foreign, and coasting trade. About 210,000 tons of shipping paid shoredues in 1833. The harbour dues in 1836 amounted to £58,673. There are steamvessels connected with the harbour. A navigable canal, 18 miles in length, extends from this city to the bridge over the Don at Inverury. Aberdeen is an ancient place, and seems to have carried on trade in the beginning of the 13th century. The Records of the town are preserved from the time of William the Lion, who died in 1214; and the journals of the successive magistrates and town councils, from the year 1398, are almost complete. In the commencement of the 14th century, an English garrison, having occupied the castle of Aberdeen, was put to the sword by a sudden rising of the citizens; but in 1333, or 1336, the town was burned by a fleet of Edward III. In the year 1647 it was visited by a pestilence, which proved fatal to 1600 of the citizens. Aberdeen returns one member to Parliament. Population of the two parishes

of St Nicholas and Old Machar in 1841, 61,923. 108 miles N. Edinburgh. Long. 3. 8. W. Lat. 57. 9. N.

ABERDEEN, OLD, a mile north of New Aberdeen, in the county of Aberdeen, and parish of Old Machar, situated near the river Don, about a mile from the sea; so called to distinguish it from the town of Aberdeen. Old Aberdeen was constituted a bishoprick in 1153, and still possesses a great part of the ancient cathedral, consisting of the nave and two lofty spires of stone, which are used as the parish church, are finely ornamented, and in a state of complete repair. This edifice was dedicated to St Machar, or Macarius, after whom the parish is named. Its erection was begun by King Robert Bruce, and completed in 1522 by Bishop Dunbar. The University of Old Aberdeen was founded by Bishop Elphinston in 1492, and a college, called King's College, soon afterwards endowed in it. The buildings of the seminary are most ancient, and of great beauty. The professorships are- Divinity, Medicine, Civil Law, Moral Philosophy, Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Greek, Humanity, and Oriental Languages; and there are numerous bursaries or exhibitions for poor students. The townhouse is a small building; the magistrates possess a crown charter of 1498, constituting them a burgh of barony only. The city consists chiefly of one long street. The popula tion, in 1831, 1510.

ABERDOUR, a village and parish of Scotland, on the coast of Aberdeenshire. Pop. 1548. ABERDOUR, a village and parish of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the N. shore of the Frith of Forth. Pop. 1751. 10 miles N. W. Edinburgh.

ABER-ERCH, a parish in Caermarthenshire. Pop. 1365.

ABERFELDIE, a village of Scotland, in Perthshire, 10 W. Dunkeld, on the Tay.

ABERFORD, a parish of England, in Yorkshire, on the Cook, 8 miles from Leeds. Pop.

925.

ABERFOYLE, a village of Scotland, in Perthshire, 9 miles E. Kippen. Pop. 660.

ABERFRAW, a town of Wales, in Anglesea. Pop. 1367. 20 miles E.S.E. Holyhead.

ABERGAVENNY, a town of England, in Monmouthshire, at the confluence of the river Gavenny with the Usk, over which there is a fine bridge of 15 arches. It has woollen manufactures, and iron-works, in the neighbourhood. Pop. 4230. 145 miles W. London.

ABERGELEY, a seaport of Wales, in Denbighshire. Population 2506. 12 miles from Aberconway.

ABERGWYLLY, a village of South Wales, 2 miles E. Caermarthen. Pop. 2675. ABERHAFESP, a parish in Montgomeryshire. Pop. 535.

ABERLADY, a parish and viilage of Scotland, in Haddingtonshire. Pop. 1215. 16 miles from Edinburgh.

ABERNANT, a parish in Caernarvonshire. Pop. 661.

ABERNETHY, an ancient town of Scotland, in Perthshire. Here is a curious and ancient pillar, 74 feet high, and 16 in diameter. 7 miles from Perth. Population 1612.

ABERNETHY, a village of Scotland, in Elginshire, 30 miles S.E. Inverness.

ABERNETHY, a parish in Fife. Pop. 164. ABERNETHY and KINCARDINE, two parishes united under the former name, in the counties of Moray and Inverness. The parish is about 15 miles long, and 12 in breadth. The country is well wooded. Pop. 2092.

ABERNYTE, a parish in Perthshire. Pop.

254.

ABERYSTWITH, a town of England, in Monmouthshire. Pop. 11,272.

ABERYSTWITH, a seaport of South Wales, in Cardigan, at the mouth of the river Yst with, which is crossed by a neat stone bridge. Pop. 4128. 39 miles N. Cardigan.

ABIAD, BAHR EL, a river of Africa, now considered the head of the Egyptian Nile. It is formed by the union of numerous torrents descending from the Mountains of the Moon, several hundred miles S. Darfur.

ABIAGIA, a town in Alcaniz, in Spain, in the province of Arragon.

ABIAUL, a town in Portugal, in the department of Thomar, province of Estremadura.

ABIKSCHUN, a large fresh water lake, near the river Suney, in the circle of Onsk, in Asiatic Russia. The surplus water runs into the Irtisch. It is within the government of Tobolsk, in Siberia.

ABINGDON, a town of England, in Berks, situated at the confluence of the Ocke and the Thames. It consists of several streets, well paved, with a spacious market-place and market-house in the centre. Here are two churches, two places of worship for Dissenters, and a Quaker meeting-house; also two hospitals for indigent persons; a free school and charity school. The principal manufactures consist of sacking. Pop. 5259. 56 miles W.N.W. London.

ABINGDON, the chief town of Washington county, Virginia. Houses 300.

ABINGER, a parish in the county of Surrey. Pop. 767.

ABINGTON, a village in Lanarkshire, in the parish of Crawfordjohn.

ABIUS, or ABII, anciently a people of Thrace or Scythia. They had no fixed habitations, but led a wandering life, dwelling in the waggons in which they moved from one place to another, living on their cattle,

which they carried along with them, in search of new pastures. They had no trade, no commerce, no towns; rearing and tending their flocks on the banks of the streams, was their only employment.

ABLA, a town on the river Almeria, in the department of Guadix, and province of Granada, in Spain.

ABLAY, a country in Great Tartary, governed by a Calmuck chief, but subject to Russia, to obtain its protection. It lies near the river Irtisch, and extends 500 leagues along the southern borders of Siberia.

ABLITAS, a town in Spain, in the circle of Tudela, and kingdom of Navarre, located near the lake Santo.

ABLOCH, a river in Germany, rising in the principality of Hohenzollern, and discharging its waters into the Danube.

ABLADO, a river in the grand - duchy of Baden, in Germany, which soon falls into the Danube on the borders of Wirtemburg.

Aво, the capital of Finland, lies at the extremity of the promontory formed by the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland, on the river Aura-jocki, which runs through the town. It has a commodious harbour, and a considerable trade. Population 11,500. Long. 22. 7. E. Lat. 60. 28. N.

ABO, a circle in the province of Finland, lately transferred to Russia from Sweden. It contained six towns and 4980 hamlets in 1836. Inhabitants, 207,960. 18,591 lived in towns, the remainder in rural places. The whole is divided into nine baronies.

ABOA, a market town in Hungary, in the circle of Nether Theiss, once two districts of Erlau.

ABOCRO, a town near the river Aukobar or Cobre, on the African coast. It gives its name to a republican province.

ABOLA, a division in Abyssinia, in a narrow valley, through which runs a river of like name, whose waters are enlarged by the draining of the mountains that shelter and form the valley.

ABOMEY, capital of the kingdom of Dahomey, in Africa. Population 24,000. Long. 0. 55. E. Lat. 7. 50. N.

ABON, ABONA, or ABONIS, in ancient geography, a town and river of Albion, supposed to be Abingdon: Abon, or Avon, in the Celtic language, denotes a river.

ABOUKIR, a small town of Egypt, with a castle, situated about 10 miles N. E. of Alexandria; also a small island near the town.

ABOUKIR BAY, formed on the west side by the point of land on which the town is situated, and on the east by that which lies at the mouth of the Rosetta branch of the Nile. In this bay was fought the famous battle of the Nile, by Lord Nelson, in 1801.

ABOUSAMAMBUL, a place remarkable for containing two of the most perfect specimens of Egyptain rock-cut temples. These are situated in Nubia, on the west side of the Nile,