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ready to receive her grace with an oration. But her highness excused her staying to hear the same, by reason of the heat of the day and the press of the people, and therefore required the paper of the oration; which being exhibited, she departed; and was, by all men's prayers, committed to the grace and tuition of Almighty God, who ever bless her! Amen.

The duke of Norfolk accompanied her majesty out of the town; and then, returning, entered Magdalen College, and gave much money in the same, promising 401. by year, till they had builded the quadrant of their college; and further promised, "that he would endow them with land for the increase of their number and studies."

1772, Oct. Sup. 1773, Jan.

XII. Queen Elizabeth's Speech to the University of Cambridge, alluded to in the preceding Article.

"ETSI fœminilis pudor, clarissima academia, subditique fidelissimi, in tanta doctorum turba inelaboratum hunc sermonem et orationem me prohibet apud vos narrare; tamen nobilium meorum intercessio, benevolentiaque mea erga academiam, me aliquid proferre invitavit.

Primus est,

"Duobus stimulis ad hanc rem commoveor. bonarum literarum propagatio, quam multum cupio, et ardentissimis votis exopto: alter est, vestra (ut audio) omnium expectatio.

Quod ad literarum propagationem spectat, unum illud apud Demosthenem memini, Superiorum verba apud inferiores librorum locum habent; et principum dicta legum authoritatem apud subditos retinent.' Hoc itaque unum vos omnes in memoria retinere velim, quod semita nulla rectior, nulla aptior erit, sive ad bona fortunæ acquirenda, sive ad principis vestræ gratiam conciliandam, quam ut graviter studiis vestris incumbatis, ut cæpistis. Quod ut faciatis, vos omnes oro, obsecroque. De secundo stimulo, vestra nimirum expectatione, hoc unum dico me nihil libenter prætermissuram esse, quod vestræ de me animæ benevola concipiunt cogitationes.

"Jam ad academiam venio. Tempore antemeridianó vidi ædificia vestra sumptuosa, a meis antecedentibus, clarissimis principibus, literarum causa extructa: et inter videndum, dolor artus meos occupavit, atque ea mentis sus

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piria, quæ Alexandrum Magnum quondam tenuisse feruntur; qui, cum legisset multa aliorum principum monumenta, conversus ad familiarem, seu potius consiliarium suum, multum doluit aliquem fuisse qui eum tempore vei actis præcessisset.' Sic ego non ninus dolebam, cum vestra ædificia videbam, me nihil adhuc hujusmodi fecisse. Hæc tamen vulgaris sententia me aliquantulum recreavit, quæ etsi non auferre, tamen minuere possit dolorem meum; quæ quidem sententia hæc est, Romam uno die non fuisse conditam.' Non est enim ita senilis mea ætas, aut tam longus fuit gubernationis meæ ordo,* quin, ante redditionem debiti naturæ, (si non nimis cito Atropos lineam vitæ meæ amputaverit) aliquod opus eximium faciam. Et, quamdiu vita hos regit artus, nunquam a proposito deflectam. Et si contingat (quod quam cito futurum sit plane nesciam) me mori oportere, antequam hoc ipsum quod polliceor, complere possim, aliquod tamen opus egregium post mortem relinquam, quo et inemoria mea celebris fiat, et alios excitem exemplo meo; et vos omnes alacriores faciam ad vestra studia.

"Sed jam videtis quantum intersit inter doctrinam rectam, et disciplinam animo non retentam. Quorum alterius sunt complures satis testes; alterius autem vos omnes, nimis quidem inconsiderate, testes hoc tempore effeci.

"Nunc tempus est, ut aures vestræ, hoc barbaro orationis genere tam diu detentæ, tædio liberentur. E. R. A. dixi."

TRANSLATION.

"Though female modesty, most celebrated University, and most faithful subjects, deters me from delivering au unstudied speech and oration before so great an assembly of the learned, yet the intreaty of my nobles, and my own regard for the University, have induced me to say something.

"For this I have two motives. The first is, the increase of good learning; which I much desire, and most ardently. wish. The other is, (as I hear,) all your expectations. As to the increase of learning, I remember that passage in Demosthenes, The words of superiors supply with inferiors the place of books; and the sayings of princes have with their subjects the authority of laws.' I would, therefore, have you all remember this, that there will be no way

* Queen Elizabeth was at this time in the thirty-first year of her age, and the sixth of her reign.

more direct, more proper, either to acqure the gifts of fortune, or to procure the favour of your prince, than by diligently applying to your studies as you have begun. And this I beg and intreat of you all. As to the second inducement, namely, your expectations, I say only this, that I would willingly omit nothing, as your benevolent minds are so partial to me.

"I now come to the University. I have seen this morning your costly buildings, erected by my predecessors, most illustrious princes, for the sake of learning; and on seeing them grief overwhelmed me, and that anxiety of mind, which is said formerly to have oppressed Alexander the Great, who, on surveying the various memorials of other princes, turning to his favourite, or rather counsellor, much lamented that any one should have preceded him either in life or actions.' In like manner I grieved no less, when I beheld your structures, that I had hitherto done nothing of this sort. But this common saying gave me some consolation; and though it cannot remove, may yet abate my grief; namely, that Rome was not built in a day.

"For my age is not so far advanced, nor have I reigned so long, but that before I pay the debt of nature, (if fate does not cut the thread of my life too soon) I may perform some excellent work. And while life remains, I will never deviate from this design. And should I happen to die (which now soon it may be I cannot tell) before I can fulfil this my promise, yet I will leave some excellent work after my death, by which my memory may be renowned, others may be excited by my example, and I may make you all more diligent in your studies.

"But now you perceive the great difference between true learning and instruction not well retained. Of the former you yourselves are sufficient evidence; of the latter I, too inconsiderately, have made you all witnesses.

"It is now time that your ears, too long detained by this barbarous sort of an oration, should be released." 1773, Feb.

XIII. An Attempt to prove the precise Day when Julius Cæsar made his first Descent upon Britain; also the very Spot where he landed.

THE authors that mention this expedition, with any circumstances, are, Cæsar in his Commentaries, lib. 4, and

Dion Cassius, in lib. 39; Livy's account being lost, in whose 105th book might possibly have been found the story more at large. It is certain, that this expedition of Cæsar was in the year of the consulate of Pompey and Crassus, which was in the year of Rome 699, or the 55th before the usual æra of Christ: and, as to the time of the year, Cæsar says, that, exigua parte æstatis reliqua, he came over only with two legions, viz. the seventh and tenth, and all foot, in about 80 sail of merchant ships, 18 sail that were ordered to carry the horse, not being able to get out at the same time from another port, where they lay wind-bound. He says, that he arrived about the fourth hour of the day, viz. between nine and ten in the morning, on the coast of Britain, where he found the enemy drawn up on the cliffs ready to repel him; which place he thus describes: Loci hæc erat natura, adeo montibus angustis mare continebatur, ut ex locis superioribus in littus telum adjici possit; by which the cliffs of Dover and the South Foreland are justly described, and could be no other land, since he says, in the fifth book of his Commentaries, in Britanniam trajectum esse cognoverit circiter millia passuum triginta a continenti; the cliffs of the North Foreland being at a much greater distance. Here, he says, he came to an anchor, and laid till the ninth hour, or till between three and four in the afternoon, expecting his whole fleet to come up; and, in the mean time, called a council of war, and advertised his officers after what manner they were to make their descent, particularly in relation to the surf of the sea, whose motion he calls celerem atque instabilem, quick and uneven. Then, viz. about four in the afternoon he weighed anchor, and having the wind and tide with him, he sailed about eight miles from the first place, and anchored against an open and plain shore.

Here he made his descent; and, having told us the opposition that was made, and the means he used to get on shore, he comes to say, that, after he had been four days in Britain, the 18 ships with his horse put to sea, and were come in sight of his camp, when a sudden tempest arose, with contrary wind, so that some of the ships put back again, others were driven to the westward, not without great danger, and coming to an anchor, they found they could not ride it out; so, when night came on, they put off to sea, and returned from whence they came. That same night it was full-moon, which makes the greatest tides in the ocean; and they being ignorant thereof, their galleys, which were drawn on shore, were filled by the tide, &c.

Then he says, that the day of the autumnal equinox being

at hand, after some days stay, wherein there passed no action, because he kept close in his camp by the shore, and not thinking it proper to stay till the winter came on, he returned into Gallia. The next year he made another expedition, with five legions, and a good body of horse; but there is but little in the history thereof serving to our purpose, excepting that he says he set sail from the Portus Icius about sun-set, with a gentle south-west wind, leni Africo profectus; that, about midnight, it fell calm, and being carried away with the tide, by the time it was day, he found he had left Britain on the left hand; but then the tide turning, they fell to their oars, and by noon, reached that part of the island where he landed before, and came on shore without opposition, and then marched up into the country, leaving his ships at anchor in littore molli et aperto.

This is all in Cæsar that is any thing pertinent; and I find no where else any thing to guide us farther, except one passage in Dion Cassius, who, speaking of the first landing of Cæsar, says, μrro de orix; that is, as I translate, "But he landed not where he intended," for that the Britous, hearing of his coming, had possessed all the usual places of landing. "Ακραν εν τινα προέχεσαν περιπλεύσας ἑτέ φωσε παρεκομίσθη Καντᾶυθα τις προσμίξαντας οἱ ἐς τὰ τενάγη ἀποβαίνοντε οικήσα ἔφθη τῆς γῆς κρατήσας : in my English, “Wherefore, doubling a certain head-land, he made to the shore on the other side, where he overcame those that skirmished with him at the water's edge, and so got well on land." Here I make bold to translate the words, is tà Teváyn, "at the water's edge," which, in H. Stephen's edition, is interpreted in pa→ ludibus; but I have the authority of Suidas, who says, rivayos, τέναγος, wλayla inùs, or “ the sea-mud," and is therefore properly the ouse on the sea-shore, and, by an easy figure, may be put for the shore itself, where such ouse commonly is found.

From these data, that it was in the year of the consulate of Pompey and Crassus, that it was exigua parte aæstatis reliqua, and four days before a full-moon, which fell out in the night time, the time of this invasion will be determined to a day for, by the eclipse of the moon, whereof Drusus made so good use to quiet a mutiny in the Pannonian army, upon the death of Augustus, it follows, that Augustus died anno Christi 14, which was reckoned anno urbis conditæ 767; and that this action was 68 years before, viz. in the 55th year before Christ current; in which year the full-moon fell out August 30, after midnight, or 31, in the morning, before day; and the preceding full-moon was August 1, soon after noon; so that this could not be the full-moon

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