result, however, proved most favourable for the independents; Padilla took eleven of Morales' vessels; and two were blown up. In August, Maracaybo was finally re-captured by the Columbians; all the Spanish vessels of war in the lake were delivered up to them and Morales with the forces under his command, in virtue of a convention by which he and they were not to serve in future against Columbia unless exchanged, sailed for Cuba; thus abandoning on honourable terms that territory in which he had so long upheld the cause of Spain with a zeal and gallantry, which no Spaniard at home exerted for the freedom of his native land. Preparations were forthwith made, by the independents, to prosecute actively the siege of Porto Cabello. The Colombian squadron had received such reinforcements, that it no longer feared any naval armament which the enemy could muster in those seas. To cooperate with it, the flotilla proceeded from Maracaybo, equipped with heavy artillery and mortars, and conveying abundance of all the ammunitions of war. A large land-force was collected at the same time; and on the 22nd of September, the siege was regularly commenced. The garrison were soon in such a situation, that surrender was inevitable, unless they were relieved from without. The commandant of Porto Cabello wrote to the political chief of the Havannah, explaining the distressed state of the fortress, and earnestly soliciting assistance. At the Havannah the documents were order ed to be referred to the commis sion of finance, with a recommend ation to consult with two officers, who were sent by the commandant : of Porto Cabello, on what ought to be done. The subject was afterwards, on the 12th of November, submitted to the consideration of the Consulado Nacional; that body approved a report made by the Syndic on a plan for the relief of the Columbian Gibraltar, which had been proposed by the second in command of the naval force at the Havannah and a certified copy of this report was ordered to be transmitted to the superintendant-general of finance. But while the authorities of the Havannah were thus proceeding with all the characteristic deliberation of Spaniards, Porto Cabello was taken by assault on the 8th of November; and Spain ceased to hold a single inch of soil within the limits of the Columbian republic. The successes of the royalists in the beginning of the year, were facilitated by some insurrections of the Indians. In Apure, the disturbances were of so serious a character, that Bolivar deemed it necessary to despatch general Paez to suppress them. The presence of that officer restored tranquillity, which he confirmed by executing twenty-five of the ring-leaders of the insurgents. That part of Upper Peru, which was comprehended within the limits of the republic, was the scene of a more grave rebellion. Pasto, a town and district of Quito, had been for a considerable time in an unsettled state; and though, in December last, order was fully established under the republican government, a party hostile to the new order of things still existed in this province. The more zealous adherents of this party assembled in some force among the mountains near Pasto, from which they were, at first, soon driven by the patriots, and forced to withdraw to a considerable distance. Subsequently, however, taking advantage of the march of the Columbian troops for Peru, the rebels, headed by Augustin Agualongo, descended from the mountains, and marched rapidly towards Pasto, which they took on the 12th of June, and completely destroyed the garrison, commanded by colonel Flores. Flushed with this success, they marched upon Ibarra, which they also entered. President Bolivar, who was at Guayaquil when these events took place, returned to Quito, and made arrangements for putting an end to this civil war. He caused the troops in front of the rebels to retire, and drew them into a plain, where, after a gallant resistance, they were surprised and totally defeated. The bulletin of the conquerors, dated at Ibarra, July 18th, and signed by Don Vincente Gonzales, the Adjutant-general of the Columbian army, states, that, when the rebels perceived the hazardous nature of their situation, they endeavoured to cross the river of Ibarra, and to gain a defensible position, but were prevented by the activity of the Columbian cavalry, who charged and broke them three times. Their armed force consisted of 1,500 men, of whom six hundred fell on the field of battle, or near it, and the greater part of the remainder were killed or taken in the pursuit. The congress of Columbia met on the 17th of April: the session terminated on the 6th of August. During this period they were busily occupied with matters of interior regulation. By one edict, the loan, which M. Zea had contracted in Europe, was declared null, and only so much of the amount acknowledged, as had been actually "Art. 2 Notwithstanding, the debt incurred (contrahida) by that act is recognized, and that which was contracted prior to the 1st of August, 1820, as far as the sum which shall be proved to have been furnished for the republic, in money and effects. "Art. 3. For the liquidation of the same, the executive is amply authorized to effect it in the manner in which it may think fit. Art. 4. The executive is also anindividually, or by the person or perthorised to approve and ratify, either sons whom it shall delegate for the purpose, the result of the liquidation; it may call in the obligations, bills, or debentures, put into circulation by the substitute such as it may deem necessary deceased Francisco Antonio Zea, and to the amount of the sum which may be liquidated and approved. The same must be signed by the secretary of state and of finance, or by the person who shall be duly authorized, so that these new bonds or debentures may be admitted as numerical amounts in any new loan that may be decreed; and lastly, it may name arbitrators, judges, andamifresh disagreement arising with the cable conciliators, in the event of any creditors, either in the territory of Colombia, or in any country in Europe. "Art. 5. The same executive anthority may agree upon the period for the redemption (amortizacion) of the sum that shall have been liquidated upon the mortgages with which credit should be preserved, and upon the method of paying the interest, until the consolidation of the national debt, on which subject the congress is now employed. Finally, the executive is authorized to remove all difficulties that may occur in the execution of the present law. "House of Representatives in Bogota, June 9, 1823. (Signed) "DOMINGO CAYCEDO, July 6, authorized the government to circulate in Europe vales or bonds, secured on the credit of the republic, by way of loan, or other financial operation, to the amount of 30 millions of dollars, to be contracted for either in whole or in parts. These securities were to be signed by the president, and all the revenues of the state in general, and in particular that of tobacco, were charged with the payment of the principal and interest of the loan. To Bolivar there was granted an annual pension of 30,000 dollars, in consideration of his having spent the best years of his life, and the fortune he inherited from his ancestors, in the service of the republic; it was to commence, when he should cease to hold the office of president. A decree conferred on colonel James Hamilton, the exclusive privilege of employing steam-boats to navigate the river Orinoco, from the port of Santo Tomas de Angostura upwards, and all the other rivers which flow into the Orinoco. A subject, which seemed to occupy a great share of the attention of the government, was, the establishment of schools.* The vice The following returns (extracted from the Gazette of Columbia) of the schools established in some of the provinces, will illustrate the anxiety of the government on this subject. Province of Bogota.-The following Lancasterian schools are established in the province:-One in the wardship of the cathedral, one in the parish of Las Nieves, one in the college, and one in the convent of San Francisco. The same in the parishes of Usaquen, Cipacon, Cerrezuela, Caqueza, Choachi, Cipaquira, Ubate, Nemocon, Cota, Guaduas, and La Vega. Schools, according to the antient method, are established in the following parishes, viz.:- Fontivon, Bosa, Bogota, Bojaca, Eugativa, Facatativa, Fo president himself attended at the examination of the pupils in some of them. A treaty of alliance, defensive and offensive, was entered into between Columbia and Chilé. On the 6th of July, a similar treaty with Peru, was concluded in the Ciudad de los Libras de Lima, by Don Joaquin Mosquera, on the part of Columbia, and D. Bernardo Monteagude, on that of Peru, and was ratified at Bogota, on the 12th of the same month, by the Columbian vice-president Santander. It contained a clause expressly providing, that all meque, Ubaque, Chipaque, Fosca, Une, Choconta, Macheta, Tivirita, Manta, Gacheta, Chipasaque, Guasca, Guatavita, Cogua, Gachancipa, Chia, Tabio, Villeta, Quebradanegra, Chaguani, Fusagasuga, Melgar, Soacha, Cucunuva, Suesca, Fuquene. Province of Neira. This province has schools on the antient method, as follows:-In the capital of the province, and in the parishes of Guagua, Retiro, Yaguara, Purification, Plata, Timuna, Jigante, Garzon, Pital. Province of Mariquita.-There are on the same method schools :-In the capital of the province, the city of Mariquita, Ibaque, Chaparral, Guamo, Piedras, Lapalma, Caparrapi, Pena, Mesa, Vitumia, Anolaima, Rioceco, and San Antonio. Province of Antioquia.-Schools according to the Lancasterian method are established in the towns of Medellin and Ciudad de Rio-negro, and according to the antient method in the parishes of Belen, Sancristoval, Estrella, Envigado, Amaga, Titirivi, Atoviejo, Copacabana, Barbosa, Iguanacita, Antioqui, Sopetran, Sanjeronimo, Canasgordas, Sabanalarga, Buritica, Urrao, Sacaojal, Guarne, Sanvicente, Lachapa, Concepcion, Santodomingo, Ceja, Retiro, Pereira, Abejorral, Sonson, Aguadas, Sa baletas, Marinilla, Penol, Carmen, Santuario, Baos, Santarroza, Sampedro, Yarumal, Claras, Donmatias, Zaragoza, Remedios, Yolombo, Cancan, Sambar tolome. the other states of America, for. merly Spanish, should be invited and urged by the contracting par ties" to enter into the present compact of union, bond, and con federation." In Peru, San Martin had found it necessary to abdicate the authority which he had assumed. After his withdrawal, the executive power was in the hands of a junta of three persons, of whom general José de la Mar was the chief. Their most urgent concern was, to prosecute the war against the royalists, who still had the complete command of Upper Peru. La Serna, the viceroy, was at Cuzco with 3,500 troops. General Canteraç commanded in Arequipa, 4,000 troops. At Juaja there was a force of 2,500, besides 1,000 men under Valdez in the neighbourhood of Canete. In October 1822, an expedition sailed from Lima to attack Canterac. The troops employed in this service, 4,000 in number, and embarked in 40 transports convoyed by a frigate and two sloops of war, consisted of 800 Chilians under general La Cruz, 800 Peruvians under colonel Miller, 1,200 Buenos-Ayreans, and 1,200 Columbians-the whole under the direction of Alvarado. The coast of Peru from Pisco, (which was to be the scene of action) southward, is a desert, where no vegetation occurs within 40 and in most parts 80 miles off the coast, except in the small valleys through which the rivers discharge themselves into the sea; and at these places, with the exception of Quilca and Arica, there is no landing. The expedition arrived at different points of the coast in a sickly state; and, though has rassed by the want of mules for transportation, and the deficiency of a supply of provisions, penėtrated a short way into the country. Canterac marched to meet them; and, on the 20th of January, the opposing armies came within sight of each other, at a town called Moquegua, something more than 40 leagues from Arica. Dispositions were immediately made for battle, and it commenced with great spirit on both sides. It was maintained with much obstinacy, till the patriots, yielding to superior numbers, or superior skill, gave way; and the royalists obtained a signal victory, not more than 800 or 900 of the vanquished escaping from the scene of this sanguinary contest. The wreck of the independent army arrived at Callao on the 6th of February. The news of this disaster es tranged the minds of the people from the executive authority; and, on the 27th of February, the army declared, that the former chief of the police, Don José de La Rivas Aguero, should be placed in the supreme command as president of the republic. The Congress objected to this change, and about 24 hours elapsed in their resisting it; finally, however, force prevailed; and the army gained their wishes by placing Riva-Aguero in the government, in lieu of the obnoxious junta. No blood was shed. The minister of war and marine was removed at the same time. Shortly afterwards a plot, or a pretended plot, to deliver up the castle of Callao to the royal ists was discovered, in consequence of which 50 persons were appre hended and sent to prison, most of whom were old resident Spaniards. In the mean time, Canterac availed himself of his success, to advance in the month of May to Lima. The independents retreat ed before him; he entered the capital without resistance, and remained there till the 16th of July, during which time he exacted con tributions to the amount of more than 300,000 dollars. The Congress, when they were forced to quit Lima, withdrew to Callao, where the embarrassments of the country were greatly increased by the dissensions which prevailed among the rulers. On the 19th of June, the Congress decreed the removal of the govern ment to Truxillo. On the 22nd, a decree was passed declaring that the functions of Don José de la Riva-Aguero, as president of the republic, had ceased; and on the 23rd, by another decree, passports were ordered to be given to him, to enable him to leave the territory of the republic, and retire to a point to be determined on by the supreme military authority. Riva Aguero, however, instead of submitting to these decrees, fled to Truxillo from Callao, accompanied by several members of the Congress, who still adhered to him, His first act was, to deny the authority or the right of the Congress to control him in any measure which he thought conducive to the welfare of Peru. He afterwards issued an order or decree dismiss ing the assembly, and then formed a senate of 12, of his own choosing, at whose head he placed himself. He and all his followers were declared traitors to the state: but instead of returning to obedience, he assembled troops for the avowed purpose of marching upon Lima. In this state of distraction, the congress appointed general Don José Antonio Sucre, supreme mili tary chief, limiting the political authority of the executive to pro vinces neither directly nor indirect ly the theatre of military operations, The departments of the north being afterwards (on the 18th of July) called upon to supply resour ees for the war, his political authority was completely superseded, and the whole power was vested in the grand marshal Don José Bernardo Tagle. The temporary success of the Spaniards had produced one favourable effect-that it had excited the governments both of Columbia and Chilé, to exert themselves to the utmost in sending reinforcements to those, with whose cause their own was inseparably connected. The Peruvians them. selves were not inactive; and they again became the assailants. Canterac, on his retreat, was much harassed in passing the mountains; and was encountered, in the begin ning of September, by the Columbian forces commanded by general Sucre, when an action ensued, which ended in the total defeat of the royalists. A second affair took place at La Paz, a large and strong town in the interior of Peru, occupied by a division of the royalist troops, who were driven from that post by a detachment of the Peruvians commanded by general Santa Cruz, and compelled, with the remnant of the army of Canterac, to retire upon Potosi. Some other military operations took place in that month, of which very different accounts were given by the opposite parties. The Spanish generals asserted, that the whole of the army of general Santa Cruz, 6,000 strong, dispersed before a very inferior force, with out fighting; that Santa Cruz fled with a few cavalry; and that the royalists took 1,500 prisoners, 400 standards, and all the artillery, |