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12. Wicked men may multiply in number and increase in power; but do not imagine, therefore, that Providence particularly favours them.

8. SYNTHESIS.

Exercise 23.

Combine the following simple into complex sentences, using the verb printed in italics as the verb of the principal clause:—

EXAMPLE.

Memory is of great moment. It is sometimes wanting. Then, the rest of our faculties are in a great measure useless (so ... that).

Memory is of so great moment that, when it is wanting, all the rest of our faculties are in a great measure useless.

1. Patience preserves composure within. Patience resists impressions from without. Trouble makes impressions from

without.

2. Our sky seems settled and serene. In some unobserved quarter gathers the little black cloud. In the little black cloud the tempest ferments. In the little black cloud the tempest prepares to discharge itself on our head.

3. Camphor is a solid essential oil. boiling the wood of a species of laurel. in certain parts of China and Japan.

It is obtained by This laurel abounds

4. Artesian wells are perpendicular borings. They are only a few inches in diameter. They are carried down. Some great natural reservoir of water is reached. A strong and permanent current of water then rushes up.

5. Sir Thomas More was laying his head upon the block. He bade the executioner stay. He put aside his beard. He said, "This has never committed treason."

6. The manners of individuals are generally determined by moral causes. A nation is nothing but a collection of individuals. The character of a nation will therefore much

depend on moral causes. This must be evident to the most superficial observer.

7. A farmer stept into a field to mend a gap in one of the fences. At his return he found the cradle turned upside down. He had left his only child asleep in the cradle. The clothes were all torn and bloody. His dog was lying near the cradle besmeared also with blood.

8. He at once conceived that the dog had destroyed his child. He instantly dashed out the dog's brains with the hatchet in his hand.

9. He turned up the cradle. He found his child unhurt. He found an enormous serpent lying dead on the floor. The serpent had been killed by the faithful dog. The courage and fidelity of the dog preserved the life of the child. courage and fidelity of the dog deserved a very different

return.

The

10. After the battle of Worcester, Charles II. mounted into an oak tree. He did this for better concealment. He sheltered himself among the leaves and branches for twentyfour hours. The oak tree was long afterwards venerated as the Royal Oak.

11. Wife, children, kindred, friends, are objects of affection and endearment. Some persons have about them many such objects. Those persons generally possess good spirits.

12. There is a gentle wisdom. There is an artificial courtesy. The former is from above. The latter is learned in the school of the world. The latter the most frivolous and empty may possess. We must not confound the former with the latter.

13. The Star-Chamber Court is so called from the room in which it met. It is said to have been founded in the reign of Henry VII. This is usually said. This is not quite correctly said (though).

14. A person is addicted to play or gaming. He took but little delight in it at first (though). By degrees, he gives himself up entirely to it. It seems the only end of his being (so. that).

...

15. Indulgence is due to the blindness and infirmities of the human species. We may survey the moral character of Cromwell with that indulgence (if). We shall then not be inclined to load his memory with violent reproaches. His enemies usually throw violent reproaches upon him (such... as).

16. Excuses are made for William III. in connexion with the massacre of Glencoe. One is, that he did not read the warrant. Another is that he did not understand the warrant (either ... or). It is a fact that the warrant was signed with unusual care. It was signed both at top and bottom. Some persons had been most active in the affair. It is a fact that these persons were afterwards favoured and promoted. The excuses seem to be contradicted by the facts.

9. ABRIDGMENT.

Exercise 24.

Abridge the following passages by writing in each sentence the principal clause, and such phrases and subordinate clauses only as the sense may require :—

EXAMPLE.

Sir Philip Sidney, at the battle near Zutphen, was wounded by a musket-ball, which broke the bone of his thigh. He was carried to the camp, which was about a mile and a half distant. Being faint with the loss of blood, and probably parched with thirst, through the heat of the weather, he called for drink. It was immediately brought to him: but as he was putting the vessel to his mouth, a poor wounded soldier, who happened at that instant to be carried past him, looked up to it with wistful eyes. The gallant and generous Sidney took the bottle from his mouth, and delivered it to the soldier, saying, "Thy necessity is yet greater than mine."

Sir Philip Sidney was wounded by a musket-ball, which broke the bone of his thigh. He was carried to the camp.

As

Being faint with the loss of blood, he called for drink. he was putting the vessel to his mouth, a poor wounded soldier looked up to it with wistful eyes. The gallant and generous Sidney delivered him the bottle, saying, "Thy necessity is yet greater than mine."

1. In one of those terrible eruptions of Mount Etna, which .have often happened, the danger of the inhabitants of the adjacent country was uncommonly great. To avoid immediate destruction from the flames, and the melted lava which ran down the sides of the mountain, the people were obliged to retire to a considerable distance. Amidst the hurry and confusion of such a scene (every one fleeing and carrying away whatever he deemed most precious), two brothers, in the height of their solicitude for the preservation of their wealth and goods, suddenly recollected that their father and mother, both very old, were unable to save themselves by flight. Filial tenderness triumphed over every other consideration. "Where," cried the generous youths, "shall we find a more precious treasure than they are, who gave us being, and who have cherished and protected us through life?" Having said this, the one took up his father on his shoulders, and the other his mother, and happily made their way through the surrounding smoke and flames. All who were witnesses of this dutiful and affectionate conduct, were struck with the highest admiration; and they and their posterity ever after called the path which these young men took in their retreat, "The Field of the Pious."

2. Among other excellent arguments for the immortality of the soul, there is one drawn from its perpetual progress toward perfection, without a possibility of ever arriving at it, which I do not remember to have seen opened and improved by others who have written on this subject, though it seems to me to carry very great weight with it. How can it enter into the thoughts of a man, that the soul, which is capable of such immense perfections, and of receiving new improvements to all eternity, shall fall away into nothing,

almost as soon as it is created? A brute arrives at a point of perfection that he can never pass: in a few years he has all the endowments he is capable of; and were he to live ten thousand more, would be the same thing he is at present. Were a human soul thus at a stand in her accomplishments; were her faculties to be full blown, and incapable of further enlargement: I could imagine she might fall away insensibly, and drop at once into a state of annihilation. But can we believe a thinking being, that is in a perpetual progress of improvement, and travelling on from perfection to perfection, after having just looked abroad into the works of her Creator, and made a few discoveries of His infinite goodness, wisdom, and power, must perish at her first setting out, and in the very beginning of her inquiries?

SECTION III. THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.

The principal members of a compound sentence are co-ordinate with one another.

There are four kinds of co-ordination: Copulative, Alternative, Adversative, and Causative.

Copulative co-ordination is expressed by and. The one proposition is simply added to the other, and both are true; as, 'He is a learned man, and his works are full of interest.'

...

...

nor.

Alternative co-ordination is expressed affirmatively by either and negatively by neither or, The propositions exclude one another. When stated affirmatively, one of the contrasted statements is untrue. When stated negatively, both the contrasted statements are untrue; as, 'He is either a learned man, or an uninteresting writer.'

If he is the one, he is not the other.

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