shores, keeping the borders of a continent. In unity, in friendship, in brotherly affection, these fifty counties of this imperial State should be linked each with each, and with the central thought of best developing our realm for those who are to take our places. in the end. Plain enough it is that if Southern California be governed well and cheaply, and be shown sympathy and helped effectively, she will stay by us forever. Now, after all that has been said in this article about the future colonies of that region, it remains to be stated that the problem of water-supplies and riparian rights lies the nearest to the needs of the people. Nor is this a problem of the southern counties only, for, in one form or another, it has general significance. There are hardly half a dozen counties in the State where the use of water from springs, wells, or streams, is not at times desirable. I have seen irrigation ditches in Trinity and Shasta, and along the foothills on both If it be true that there is springing up in the southern counties of California a sentiment in favor of dividing the State at some future time, it is none the less true that the people of northern and central California are realizing more and more, year after year, the beauty and strength of the tropic south-land. Our love for it widens and deepens as our knowledge of its virtues increases. Only when convinced that a separation is best for the interests of these counties would the judgment of thought-sides of the upper Sacramento. Semi-tropic ful men approve such a step. The time may come when separate State governments will seem desirable. But, without entering into any lengthy argument upon this complex and highly interesting subject, our view at least may be presented. This France-like empire, named a State, is, in its present form and location, admirably suited to be the commercial autocrat of the Pacific Ocean and the countries that border upon it. If we can but develop a perfect friendliness between the various sections of the State, and work together harmoniously, our capitalists will more and more control the forests, fisheries, and fur trade of the North, and the mines of the South, until we draw tribute from the shores of the whole continent, from Cape Horn to the Aleutians, and from Saghalien to Madagascar. That much of a future, if we are true to our better natures, one may perceive dimly looming up from the slowly shaping present. But first, before any of these outer conquests are won, we must settle certain fundamental problems, which, if we do not substantially vanquish, it will be the worse for us California needs a system of catchment reservoirs, on a large scale, similar to those in use in India. Sub-irrigation must be used in many This work should be taken up by the people of the whole State, and considered conjointly with the débris problem, each being of immediate and unspeakable importance. cases. If we face these twin problems, strong with a sense of our own resources, not faltering, nor shrinking, nor dividing our dominion, I am sure that England's earlier empire of the Atlantic will be but a type of our later supremacy over the Pacific coasts and islands. But finally, if our southern kinsfolk think they must be a separate people, we will not worry, nor vituperate, but bid them God-speed, and fairly divide our household possessions. Whatever happens, they are blood of our blood, equal inheritors of name and fame. In their lovely homes and wide, most musical cities, may art and literature win the brightest triumphs of American thought. May their citrus groves and warm, welcoming friendships, then, as now, be an unfailing charm and perpetual blessing for tourists from Northern California. CHARLES H. SHINN. THE PARISH PRIMARIES. Rev. John Ellis was the Rector of St. Paul's Church at Newhall, California. This old gentleman had an abiding confidence in his fel. low-men which amounted to a weakness, and a hatred of politics which amounted to a mania. To his theological mind election day was a dreadful visitation of hell, and he would as soon have thought of eloping with the leading soprano of his choir as of exercising his rights as an American citizen and voting even at the county election for a school trustee. With all these peculiarities of early education and training, the old gentleman was thoroughly honest in his views, and did not hesitate to openly proclaim them from the pulpit. Still, his blunt remarks on these subjects did not in the least offend those of his congregation who held opposite views. Other agencies were at work, however, which made him unpopular with a parish over which he had presided faithfully for fifteen years. Rev. Mr. Ellis had somehow got to be too commonplace for Newhall. His flock began to get wearied of his discourses, although not one in twenty could have repeated a single one of his texts, of which he had at least thirty. To them the bread of life which he had administered that he might keep his own larder stocked began to have a moldy smell. In short, it was time that a fresh hand was at the helm. A number of busy-bodies who had determined on his going set about the work of undermining his character in the most business-like manner possible. custom, and went straight to the Rector's studio. When Rev. Mr. Ellis opened his door in response to the ring, and saw the hardened and disreputable politician, he was at first overcome with astonishment, but recovered sufficiently to invite him in, supposing that perhaps a funeral was on the tapis. There was probably no man in the town toward whom the Rector of St. Paul's entertained a more deeply rooted dislike than Boss Johnson, not realizing that politicians, like preachers, are apt to be foully slandered and that reputations are more artificial than real. After opening the ball with a few preliminary remarks on the prospect of rain before morning, the "Boss" proceeded directly to the business in hand. "Mr. Ellis, I think some of joining your church, and as I am not much acquainted with the organization, I thought I'd just step in and One day he performed the funeral rites for a poor outcast woman, and went so far as to express the opinion, as he stood over her coffin, that beneath the sheltering arms of Christ there was still room for the soul of the depart-gather some information on the subject." ed. This expression of confidence in the infinite forgiveness of God went through half a dozen mouths, and presently passed current to the effect that the Rector considered the outcast a good deal more likely to be saved than a large majority of women in his own parish. So the wretched mongers of scandal mined and sapped the character of the poor man until the whole structure was ready to fall to pieces at a touch. While pouring hot shot at the world, the flesh, and the devil, he little realized that his worst enemies were in his own camp. The Rector was almost dazed by the frank and outspoken utterance of Mr. Johnson. "The door of the tabernacle is always open, and the vilest sinner may enter." It was determined at the annual Easter election to request Mr. Ellis to resign. There happened to live in the town of Newhall a politician named Seth Johnson, by common consent called "Boss Johnson," by reason of his generally acknowledged ability to connubiate in politics and successfully conduct the ceremonies incidental to the primary elections. His "slate factory" was an establishment which inspired respect, and the wares he turned out, either for city or county purposes, were "hard to smash." Johnson had a habit of keeping an eye and ear open to the drift of passing events, and the job to oust the Rector of St. Paul's had not escaped his notice. Like the Melter Moss of stage tradition, he loved to be able to spoil somebody's little game. The idea of taking an active hand in a church election had a novelty about it that pleased Johnson mightily, and he rubbed his hands together at the prospect of such diversion. The regular county election would not come off for a year yet, and he must do something to keep his hand in. Having made up his mind, he proceeded immediately to business according to his usual "You will understand, perhaps, that I haven't been much of a religious man of late years, but I have a family. My wife likes your church, and I want to send my little girls to Sundayschool." "A very commendable procedure, Mr. Johnson, I am sure. The church alone can furnish them with the consolation of true religion.” "My idea exactly. Now, if I join your party - that is, your church-and subscribe to the constitution and by-laws, will that make me eligible?" "Do you wish to become a full member by the rites of baptism and confirmation?" "Don't you let a man come in on trial for a year or so-let him sort o' feel his way? Can't I just take a pew and listen to the sermons? Can't I vote at the church elections unless I hold all the degrees?" "Ah, in that case any man who pays his pew rent can vote at the Easter election." At this information the eye of the Boss brightened, and he began to see his way ahead. "I don't want to do things with a rush, Mr. Ellis. I'll just take a pew for a starter, and go a little slow at first until I get confidence in the game. That'll do me for the first year. I've always been in the habit of having a little something to say in the management of any organization I'm connected with. I like to feel that I have a hand-a little of the 'say so,' as it were." "I am glad to see you take such a commendable interest in the affairs of the parish. I never like to see men lukewarm in the service." "Perhaps I can induce some more of the boys to join the ranks. Just let me know the charges on some of your second-class pews. We'll put up with a few back-seats for a spell. We don't want to crowd ourselves to the front, you know." "People are not obliged to pay for the lower pews at all, but any contributions will be acceptable." "All these contributors vote at the regular election, Mr. Ellis?" "All vote who wish, Mr. Johnson.” "That is, the election?" "In two weeks. It is only a formality. Of course, there is no opposition. I am elected year after year by a unanimous vote. We have none of the fierce, and I may say unseemly, struggles which characterize your political elections. Heaven forbid that the church should ever be disgraced by such unchristian strife! The unscrupulous connubiations of worldly politics never find a footing in the tabernacle of the Lord." The Boss smiled a broad and continuous smile at this speech, and put down a ten-dollar piece for his pew, after which he bade his new spiritual guide good evening, and as he left was shaken warmly by the hand. | force, and confident of being able to "oust the present administrator." The Johnson crowd were also there "well bearded," except one, who had been wounded in a scrimmage over a mining claim, but he sent a proxy in due form. After the leader of the ousting faction made the vestry nominations, Mr. Johnson rose, and, in a solemn voice, as if addressing a county convention, said: "Gentlemen, I rise to place in nomination five men, whose course in standing pat with the regular straight ticket has always been the one prime object of their lives. They have always bowed to the deliberations of the caucus, and never voted but one ticket since they were baptized. They never bucked or kicked, gentlemen. I mean that whatever was the result of good square work, and had the stamp of the church's approval on its face, was current coin with them. We propose to organize this church on the solid foundation of free speech, a fair ballot, and good will to men. I may have slightly digressed from some of the points in issue, but you all know what I mean. We will, after choosing our leader and officers for the ensuing year, fall to work with a will, and plant the banners of the true faith on the outer walls of every sect that grows. I think that if we pull together this year we can run the Presbyterians out of the burg by next fall, and close up the mortgage on the old Methodist Theology Works Christmas." Inside of half an hour, Boss Johnson was closeted with a half dozen of his political hench-by men in the private card-room of Jack's Exchange, and there outlined his plan to his astonished listeners for capturing the election of St. Paul's Church, and running the parochial machinery "their way." The shout of laughter which greeted the proposal can well be imagined. The idea tickled the fancies of these men immensely. "Let's don't bother with the election, Boss. Turn loose the sack and buy up a majority of the vestry; that's the business," said one of the group, to whom Johnson always intrusted the placing of money where its fruits would assume tangible shape. "No corruption, Billy. This is a church election, and the vestry come high-awful high." It was finally decided that twenty men should take pews in the church, pay their slip-rent, and vote at the Easter election, Johnson furnishing the necessary coin. Quelling the symptoms of applause, which seemed about to come from his forces, Johnson made his vestry nominations, and when the ballot was taken elected them by twelve majority. He then took the chair, declared the proceedings unanimous, reëlected the old pastor by a viva voce vote, and raised his salary by the same course-all inside of five minutes. The astonishment of Mr. Ellis was equaled only by the chagrin of his enemies, who had so signally failed in carrying their plans into effect. After this little episode, there was naturally enough somewhat of a falling off in attendance among the politicians who had temporarily joined St. Paul's; but Johnson took a profound interest in the affairs of the church, finally becoming a vestryman, and one of the most active members of the flock. He so continued until the death of the Rector, and, although he held the good man's memory in the deepest rever On the following Sunday, the worthy pastorence, neither this nor the services of the church was astonished to see such an influx of the "worldly" element come to hear him preach, and delighted with the marked attention paid to his discourse. On the following Saturday evening the election took place in the church. The opposers of the Rector were out in full ever had sufficient effect upon him to wean him from the habits of worldliness; and to this day he delights to pack a primary or put up a combination to capture a county convention as of old, not neglecting to take an active part in the parish elections. For the last seven years he never failed to have the vestry his way, and, according to the more generally accepted theory, he will continue to maintain his control as long as the parish shall exist. He thinks that as he ad vances in years, and retires from the turmoil and excitement of active political life, he will find the annual church election sufficiently exhilarating to afford the pastime which his spirit SAM DAVIS. craves. PARTED. Can I believe, what yet mine eyes have seen, And leave me lonely in my wandering? Can I believe, what yet mine ears have heard, And blew your kisses from my grieving lip; Can I believe, what yet my heart has felt, To tenderer longing at a dearer name? KATHARINE LEE BATES. WHAT IS A UNIVERSITY? The different uses of the terms, "university," | collected together for instruction and study, "college," "professional school," etc., are one indication of the different views as to the whole question of university education. In Germany these terms mean one thing, in England another, and in this country any one of several different things. Underlying these different uses, however, there is discoverable an effort to express a more or less clearly recognized distinction, which, in accordance with the best usage in this country, may be conveyed by some such definitions as follow::-a college is an organized body of teachers and students, having special reference on the part of the pupils to the attainment of a complete liberal education; a professional school is such an organized body, having special reference on the part of the pupils to the acquirement of a profession; a university is a union of such organizations, whatever their plan or purpose, and whether few or many. The distinction, then, between a college and a professional school is one of aim on the part of the pupils. The aim of a college is chiefly educative, or in the direction of an education: the aim of a profes sional school is chiefly occupative, or in the children of the industrial classes shall have opdirection of an occupation. portunities to prepare for all the different professions in life, and that they shall be offered a full liberal education, including all the scientific and classical studies. It wisely guards, also, against any narrow interpretation of agriculture and the mechanic arts, as subjects of study, by requiring not the teaching of mere manual dexterities, but the "branches of learning," the scientific facts and principles, relating to these subjects. The College of Agriculture in the University fulfills these requirements by its direct instruction and by means of its connection with the courses of the other professional schools, and of the College of Letters. In the University of California certain of the professional schools (those, namely, at Berkeley) are also called "colleges," as well as the College of Letters, which is the only one answering to what is usually so called in this country. That is to say, the College of Letters is a body of professors, instructors, and students, with a four years' course of instruction having for its aim the attainment of a liberal education. While the so-called "scientific colleges" have courses which are chiefly occupative in their aim, answering to those of what are elsewhere called professional schools, they are, in fact, parallel to the schools of medicine and law; except that the students of these lat-sity at Berkeley was a gift from the old Colter (unfortunately, perhaps, for those profes-lege of California, which at the establishment sions) do not necessarily spend any time in previous collegiate residence and instruction, whereas the students of the "scientific colleges" in their first two years of residence share some of the studies of the College of Letters. It should be added that, the faculties of the University being by no means full, some of the professors in the various professional schools give instruction to the students of the College of Letters, and vice versa. The present beautiful domain of the Univer of the University was merged into it, with a sole stipulation as to the breadth and grade of the proposed institution, which must include, among other things, "an academical college of the same grade and with courses equal to those of Eastern colleges." The liberal intention of all these successive plans and gifts was well carried out by the Act of Legislature incorporating the University, approved March 23, 1868, which reads as follows: "A State University is hereby created, pursuant to the Constitution of the State of California, and in order to devote to the largest purposes of education the [above Congressional] benefaction. . . . . The University shall have for its design to provide instruction and com ence, literature, art, industrial and professional pursuits, and general education, . . . ." This Act of Incorporation was accompanied by an appropriation of $200,000. The origin of the University of California may be said to date back to the first constitutional convention, in 1849. The "argonauts," apparently seeing, after all, where the true "golden fleece" was to be looked for, provided expressly in the Constitution for the establishment of "a university for the promotion of lit-plete education in all the departments of scierature, the arts, and sciences." Thus liberal and broad, from the very beginning, was the plan of the University. The next step was the grant by Congress of seventy-two sections of land for the support of the institution thus planned. The same Congress also gave ten sections of land to provide suitable buildings. In 1862, Congress made a third grant of one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to furnish funds for (in the language of this so-called "Morrill Bill") the maintenance of "liberal and practical education." The bill stipulates that there shall be maintained "at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe, in order to pro-and the State has itself become responsible for mote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life." Nothing could be more generously comprehensive than the language of this "Morrill Bill," securing as it does that the Vol. III.-29. All the subsequent gifts to the University (and they have been many, both from public and private beneficence) have been given with the understanding that the broad and liberal plan of the institution should not be narrowed or interfered with. This understanding has now become law, by incorporation in an article of the Constitution, forever forbidding any interference with its permanent organization and natural development. Thus, it will be seen that we have in California an institution of learning based on an unusually broad and substantial foundation. Nothing could be freer and wider than its scope, its permanence and steady progress. There has been in past time some apprehension of danger lest this broad intention should be misunderstood. Dissatisfaction was expressed by one and another person of captious disposition, |