Testi

brothers, Elias and Matthew. The first excelled in painting fruits and flowers, and died in 1724; the other painted historical subjects, and died in 1735.

Thales

hastened to award him a position in the same rank with the first novelist of the time, Mr. Charles Dickens. Mr. Thackeray's reputation was fully maintained by his subsequent works; TESTI, Fulvio, tes'-te, an eminent Italian poet, everybody being charmed by his wit, his beau and accounted the Horace of modern Italy. He tiful style.-so easy, yet so strong, so full of became minister of state to the Duke of Mo-art, but of art so delightfully concealed. “The dena; but, being accused of treason, was im- History of Pendennis," "The History of Henry prisoned. B. at Ferrara, 1593; D. 1616. Esmond," "The Newcomes," "The Virginians,"

TETZEL, John, tet'-zel, a Dominican monk of each work was read with grateful avidity by the 16th century, who, being appointed in 1517 the countrymen of their author. His historical to vend the indulgences issued by Pope Leo X. studies for the novel of "Henry Esmond," the for the completion of St. Peter's church at action of which, being laid in the time of Queen Rome, represented them as sufficient for the Anne, naturally included Addison, Steele, and pardon of all sins, past, present, and future. the wits of that day, in the list of characters, This first roused the indignation of Luther, and would seem to have been the original foundation may be said to have been the primary cause of for those brilliant lectures upon the English the Reformation. The papal government, see- humourists which he delivered in London, the ing the mischief likely to accrue from the in- provinces, and in the United States of America. discreet zeal of Tetzel, severely rebuked him. Several works which have been left unnamed in He returned to his convent at Leipsic in 1518, the preceding list were republished in an edition and died of the plague in the following year. of his "Miscellanies;" a collection which inTHACKERAY, William Makepeace, thak-e-rai, cluded his early contributions to "Fraser's a distinguished English novelist, who came of Magazine" and "Punch,"-notably, "Jeames's an old Yorkshire family, and was the son of a Diary," the "Snob Papers," and the essays of gentleman in the civil service of the East India a "Fat Contributor." In England, Scotland, Company. Born in the East, the future novelist and the United States during his second visit was sent at an early age to England, and re-in 1855-6, were also delivered his lectures upon ceived his first education at the Charterhouse the "Four Georges," which, at a later period, school, afterwards passing to the university of were published in the pages of the "Cornhill Cambridge, where he had as contemporaries the Magazine," a cheap and highly-popular magapoet Tennyson, J. M. Kemble, the eminent zine, of which he became the editor on its Saxon scholar, and other young men who sub- establishment in 1860. In 1857 he presented sequently became famous in literature and himself as a candidate for the representation of science. Quitting his "alma mater" without a the city of Oxford in Parliament; but was redegree, and in the enjoyment of a respectable jected by that constituency in favour of Mr. fortune, he formed the resolution of studying Cardwell. His last work was "Denis Duval;" pictorial art as a profession. With this view he which was unfinished at his death, being repaired to the continent, and spent some time then in course of publication in the Cornat Weimar, where he made the acquaintance of hill Magazine. A handsome library edition Göthe. His artist life was continued until be- of his collected works with the original tween his 25th and 30th years, when he relin-illustrations, drawn by himself, was published quished the crayon for the pen. From the in 1867-69. B. at Calcutta, 1811; D. in Loncommencement of his literary career he appears don, 1863. to have exhibited high qualities as a writer. His progress to popularity was nevertheless slow. He is understood to have been employed upon the "Times" newspaper while under the editorship of Barnes; but it was in consequence of his success as a contributor to "Fraser's Magazine" that he became recognised as a witty, elegant, and original writer. His articles in this publication were signed "Michael Angelo Titmarsh;" and, under the same characteristic pseudonym, he produced, separately, The Paris Sketch-Book;" "The Second Funeral of Napoleon," in three letters to Miss Smith, of London; and the "Chronicle of the Drum." As Michael Angelo Titmarsh, he also put forth "The Great Hoggarty Diamond;" Notes of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo;" and a series of Christmas books, entitled "Our Street," "Dr. Birch and his Young Friends," "Mrs. Perkins's Ball," "Rebecca and Rowena," and "The Kickleburys on the Rhine," to the second edition of which last he added a reply to a captious critic in the "Times," who charged him with seeing only hard, selfish, and unamiable people in this world. His general recognition as a great English writer may be said to date from the time of his publishing his first serial novel, "Vanity Fair; or, a Novel without a Hero." But though the public had been long in making the discovery that a great and original genius was catering for it, it now

THACKWELL, Lieutenant-general Sir Joseph, G.C.B. and K.II., colonel 16th Lancers, thak-well, served in the latter part of the Irish rebellion; but obtaining a cornetcy in the 15th Hussars in 1800, he remained in that corps for 31 years, during the last eleven of which he held the command. He went to Spain with Sir John Moore, and was present at Corunna. At the battle of Vittoria he was severely wounded: at Waterloo he lost his left arm, and had two horses shot under him. In India he served with great distinction, commanding the cavalry in the first Afghan, as well as in the Gwalior and the two Sikh campaigns. B. 1781; D. 1859.

THALBERG, Sigismund, tal'-bairg, a distinguished modern German pianist and musical composer, who was educated under Hummel. In his 15th year he appeared with success as a performer, and, in his 16th, published some excellent musical compositions. In Paris, London, and Vienna, he achieved the highest success as a pianist, and exercised a large amount of influence over the formation of the modern method of performing upon the pianoforte. He composed variations and fantasias upon the operas of" The Huguenots," "Don Giovanni," "La Donna del Lago," &c. His "Studies for the Pianoforte" are highly esteemed, and, of all the modern masters, he was most successful in training pupils. B. 1812.

THALES, thai'-lees, a philosopher of antiquity,

who, after travelling many years, particularly time, and gained so great a reputation by his in Egypt, where he studied mathematics, re- boldness as a political reformer, that he was inturned to his native place, and founded a school cluded with Horne Tooke and Thomas Hardy of philosophy, generally styled the Ionian in an indictment for high treason. After s school. Among his disciples were Anaximander, trial of five days, he was acquitted, wherespon Anaximenes, and Pythagoras, and he was often he retired to Wales; but, in 1801, commenced visited by Solon and Thrasybulus. He is gene-as lecturer and tutor in clocution. In the care rally allowed to have been the father of the Greek philosophy, and stands first on the list of the seven wise men. His doctrine was, that water is the first principle of all bodies; and, according to Diogenes, he was a believer in a deity pervading the universe. He made some inventions in geometry, and first observed the apparent diameter of the sun. He likewise observed the nature and course of eclipses. B. at Miletus, 640 B.C.; D. about 545 B.C.

Themistogenes

incurred the displeasure of his countrymen. He was banished from the city, and obliged to seek the protection of a monarch whose fleets he had defeated, and whose father he had ruined. Artaxerxes received the illustrious Athenian with kindness, made him one of his greatest favourites, and, according to oriental custom, bestowed three rich cities upon him, to provide him with bread, wine, and meat. But Themistocles still remembered that Athens gave him birth, and, according to some writers, the wish of not injuring his country, and therefore his inability of carrying on war against Greece, at the request of Artaxerxes, obliged him to destroy himself by poison, or drinking bull's blood. The manner of his death, however, is uncertain. His remains were conveyed to Attica, and honoured with a magnificent tomb by the Athenians, who too late repented of their cruelty to the saviour of his country. B. about 514 B.C.; D. about 419 B.C.

THEMISTOGENES, the-mis-toj-e-nees, a Greek historian, referred to by Xenophon as the author of an account of the expedition of Cyrus. It is, however, conjectured that Xenophon alluded to his own history-the "Anabasis," as the work of another writer.

Theodoric

proceeds to make a series of moral and religious speculations thereupon. The poem has likewise been attributed to Hildebert, archbishop of Tours. The title of the work, which was first printed at Antwerp in 1482, is "Physiologus de Naturis Duodecim Animalium."

THEOCRITUS, the-ok-ri-tus, a Greek bucolie poet, of whom little is known beyond the fact that his friend and patron was Ptolemy Phila delphus. He is said to have been strangled by order of Hiero, King of Syracuse, for having written a satire against him. Of his various works, we have only his "Idylls," and some epigrams. Lived about 250 B.C.

THEODATUS, the-od'-a-tus, king of the Goths in Italy, was placed on the throne in 531, by his cousin Amalasoutha, whom he married; but some time afterwards caused to be strangled. The emperor Justinian declared war against him, and Belisarius, his general, marched into Italy; on which the soldiers of Theodatus deposed him, and placed on the throne Vitiges, who put Theodatus to death, in 536.

THEODORE, the'-o-dore, an adventurer of low birth, who contrived to raise himself to the position of negus or emperor of Abyssinia. His name was originally Kassai, which he THENARD, Louis Jacques, Baron, tain'-ar, a changed for that of Theodore on his accescelebrated French chemist, who in his 20th year sion to the throne, putting forth his claim, became demonstrator in chemistry at the Poly- at the same time, to be a lineal descen technic School at Paris. He subsequently rose dant of Menilek, the reputed son of Solomon to the position of professor of chemistry in the and the Queen of Sheba. At first he entered College of France. Charles X. created him a the service of one of the petty princes of the baron in 1824. In 1833 he was nominated a country, but he gained possession of his ter peer of France, having in the meanwhile been ritories, and ultimately of the greater part appointed professor in the university. One of of Abyssinia by his intrigues with the leadthe most distinguished chemists in the carly ing chieftains and his manifest military genius, portion of the 19th century, he was the author, being crowned as emperor in 1855. He among other valuable works, of "Physico- sought to enter into an alliance with EngChemical Researches," "Elementary Treatise land, but his overtures were misunderstood on Chemistry, Theoretical and Practical," which or neglected, and in revenge for the fanlatter is one of the best works of its kind, and cied slight, he imprisoned the British conhas been reproduced in the German language. sul and several British officers and Europeans He likewise enriched the scientific journals of who had visited or settled in the country. France with treatises upon almost every de- Peaceful means having failed to procure partment of chemistry. B. 1777; D. 1857. their release, the government sent an expe dition against Theodore in 1867-68. The Emperor gave up the prisoners and shot himself when the British troops captured Magdala, April 13, 1868. Amhara, about 1810.

THEOBALD, Louis, the'-o-bawld, an English dramatic author, who wrote several pieces of little merit. He is chiefly known by his edition of Shakspere, which, though depreciated by Warburton, possesses considerable merit, and shows no want of judgment. As an editor of Shakspere, he was vastly superior to Pope, whose edition he criticised in a pamphlet entitled "Shakspere Restored; or, Specimens of Blunders committed and unamended in Pope's Edition." For this, Pope assailed Theobald with all his powers of ridicule, and made him the hero of the "Dunciad." Theobald revenged himself in an admirable way: he produced an edition of Shakspere which extinguished the inaccurate one of Pope. Pope and Theobald afterwards became reconciled, and the former substituted Colley Cibber for Theobald, as the chief dunce in his satire. He was likewise the author of a Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, and some periodical papers inserted in a weekly journal of his time. B. at Sittingbourne, Kent, date unknown; D. 1741.

THEOBALDUS, or TEBALDUS, te-bal'-dus, a French prelate, who wrote a theological and didactic poem upon twelve animals-the lion, eagle, serpent, ant, fox, stag, spider, whale, centaur and siren, elephant, dove, and panther. After describing the habits of these animals, he

B. at Quard, in Western

THEODORIC, the-od'-o-rik, king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, was the natural son of Theodomir, and was given as a hostage to the emperor Leo Magnus, in 461. He rendered great services to the emperor Zeno, who honoured him with the consulate in 451. He afterwards defeated and put to death Odoacer, and made himself master of all Italy. In 509 he espoused a sister of Clovis, king of the Franks. Theodoric displayed the qualities of a great prince. He regulated the administration of justice, allayed religious disputes, revised the laws, and encouraged commerce. B. 455; D. 526.

THEODORIC I., king of the Visigoths, succeeded Wallia in 420. During the interval 426 to 436, he made war upon the Romans three times, and attempted to take the city of Narbonne. He obtained territory both in Spain and Gaul, and subsequently becaine the ally of the Romans against Attila, whom he defeated at Châlons-sur-Marne in 451, but lost his life in the battle. His son Thorismund succeeded him.

THEODORIC II., son of Theodoric I., acquired the throne by the murder of his brother Thoris

Theodorus

mund, in 453, but was himself killed by Euric, another of the sons of Theodoric I. During his short reign he increased the empire of the Visigoths, and advanced almost as far as the Loire. Killed, 466.

THEODORUS OF MOPSUESTIA, the-od-or-us, so named from the place of which he was bishop, a city in Cilicia. His works, which favour Nestorianism and Socinianism, were condemned in the fifth general council. What remains is a "Commentary on the Twelve Greater Prophets," and some fragments. He is held in great respeet by the Syrian Christians. D. 429.

Theophanes

394. He thus became emperor of the whole Roman world, and was preparing to reform the administration of his dominions by wise edicta, when his health gave way. Before his death he nominated his son Arcadius to the empire of the East, while that of the West was given to Honorius. B. 345; D. at Milan, 395.

THEODOSIUS II. was grandson of the prees ing, and succeeded his father Arcadius, in 8, under the guardianship of his sister Pulcher, She caused him to marry Athenais, daughter of Leontius, an Athenian philosopher, who, being baptized, took the name of Eudocia. Ardab rius, his general, defeated the Persians with great slaughter near the Euphrates; but The

THEODORUS OF CYRENE, whose philosophy was so disliked, that he was banished from his native city. He repaired to Athens, and after-dosius was less fortunate against the Huns, who wards to Egypt, where he obtained the favour of Ptolemy Soter, who appointed him ambassador to Lysimachus. He was styled the Atheist, for having composed a work in which he denied the existence of the gods. He is regarded as one of the forerunners of Epicurus. Flourished towards the close of the 4th century B.C.

THEODORUS I. succeeded John IV. as bishop of Rome in 612. He excommunicated Paulus, patriarch of Constantinople, and condemned the heresy of the Monothelites. His successor was Martin I. D. 649.

THEODORUS II. succeeded John IX. in 897, but died in less than a month after his election. THEODORUS LASCARIS, emperor of Nicæa. (See LASCARIS, Theodore.)

THEODORUS, OF DIODORUS, bishop of Tarsus, defended the Catholic faith against the emperor Valens, who was an Arian, but became the favourite of Gratian. He was the author of works upon theology and morals, none of which are extant. D. about 394.

THEODORUS OF CESAREA was at first a monk at Jerusalem, but repairing to Constantinople about 535, obtained the favour of Justinian, and was nominated archbishop of Cæsarea. Afterwards he was excommunicated and deprived of his see.

overran the European provinces, so that the emperor was obliged to purchase a peace Theodosius, throughout his life, was emperor only in name, the whole sovereignty being ercised by Pulcheria, his sister. During his reign, the celebrated code of laws known as the Theodosian code, was promulgated. B.; D. 450.

THEODOSIUS III. was nominated emperor of the East in succession to Anastasius 11, in 715, by the troops of Anastasius. He at first refused the crown, but was forced to accept it. After a reign of one year he abdicated in favour of Leo III.

THEODOTION of EPHESUS, the-o-do-abe-cu ̧v% of the Ebionite sect of Christians, and made a translation into Greek of the Old Testament Flourished early in the 2nd century.

THEODOTUS OF BYZANTIUM, the-od-o-tx,55 named the Tanner, from his occupation. In the persecution under Marcus Aurelius be w arrested, and, to save his life, renounced the Christian religion. The faithful having te proached him for his apostasy, he invented the heretical notion that Christ was only a He was excommunicated, but obtained many followers, who were called Theodotions.

THEOGNIS, the-og'-nis, a Greek elegiac par There remain of his some fragments pristide the collection of comic poets by Aldus. 7.5 Megara, and flourished towards the close of the 6th century.

THEON, the-on, a Greek sophist, who wrote poetical treatise of rhetoric, entitled “Progy nasmata." Flourished in the 4th century.

THEON, a celebrated Greek painter, who accounted one of the first artists of his tr His paintings are allnded to by Pliny, Plataka and Ælian. Flourished under Philip and AP ander of Macedon.

THEODOSIUS I., the-o-do'-si-us, a Roman emperor, surnamed the Great. Ilis father, Theodosius, distinguished himself in Britain and Africa, but was beheaded by order of Valens in 376. The son was called to court by Gratian, associated with himself in the empire, and appointed governor of Thrace and those provinces which Valentinian had possessed in the East. He defeated the Goths in several actions, and compelled them to sue for peace. His fame spread into Persia, and Sapor III. solicited his alliance. In 385 a conspiracy was formed against him, but it was discovered, and Theo- THEON OF ALEXANDRIA, surnamed the dosius displayed the maguanimity of his dispo- Younger, a philosopher and mathematic sition by pardoning the criminals. But in 390 the time of Theodosius the Great, was father he tarnished his fame in causing the inhabitants the celebrated Hypatia. He wrote a co of Thessalonica to be put to the sword, on ac-mentary on Euclid and on Aratus. Flow count of an insurrection which had taken place in the 4th century. in that city. St. Ambrose was so struck with horror by this transaction, that he refused to admit Theodosius into the church till he had performed penance during eight months. The emperor, having defeated Maximus, marched to Rome, where he received the honours of a THEOPHANES, George, the-of-a-mers, a Creek triumph; after which he returned to Constanti-historian, who entered into the morastie slida, nople and defeated the barbarians who had and was received with distinction at the sevent ravaged Macedonia and Thrace. He then general council; but was exiled by the e turned his arms against the usurper Eugenius, Leo the Armenian. He wrote a chronicle who had been placed on the throne after the ning where Syncellus ends, and rebingt murder of Valentinian. Having defeated him reign of Michael Curopalatus. D. SIS at Aquileia, he caused him to be beheaded, in THEOPHANES, Prokopovitch, a Rus bi

THEON OF SMYRNA, surnamed the E Platonic philosopher, who is stated to composed a work upon arithmetic, mus nomy, and geometry, which has been a Flourished under Ptolemy.