Woodward WOODWARD, John, wood-ward, an eminent English physician, who in 1692 became professor of physic at Gresham College. In 1695 Archbishop Tenison conferred on him the deIn the same year he published a gree of M.D. "Natural History of the Earth," in which he combated the theory held by most writers of his day, that the corals, shells, and fishes found mere mineral subembedded in rocks, were stances." Though his work contains many errors, it is full of glimpses of real geological truth. He founded the professorship of geoB. in logy at the university of Cambridge. Derbyshire, 1665; D. in London, 1728. Worm There also resided, or visited, Southey, Coleridge, De Quincey, and Wilson; and it was to this congregation of kindred poetical spirits that the term "Lake School" was applied by the reviewers. Against those reviewers, and against a public that regarded their works with indifference, Wordsworth and the "Lakists" struggled until the year 1813, at which time the poetic genius of himself and his disciples began "Poems," to be recognized. Meanwhile he had produced a new edition of his "Lyrical Ballads,' "Essay on Epitaphs," and had written portions of "The Prelude," and "The Excursion." In 1813 he settled at Rydal Mount, which continued to be his residence until his death. In the following year he published "The Excur "The White Doe of Rylston," sion," relative to which Jeffrey wrote, "This will never do." "Peter Bell," "Memorials of a Tour upon the Continent," "Sonnets on the River Duddon," "The Waggoner," and "The Prelude," were WOOLSTON, Thomas, wool-ston, an English given to the world after "The Excursion." deistical writer, who was educated at Sidney During the interval 1813-42, he held the office College, Cambridge, where he proceeded to his of distributor of stamps for the county of Westdegree of B.D. In 1705 he published "The moreland. In the latter year he was granted a Old Apology for the truth of the Christian Reli-pension of £300 per annum; and in 1843 bcgion against the Jews and Gentiles revived," came the successor of Southey as poet-laureate. which was little noticed; but in his "Six Dis-"The influence of Wordsworth," says an emicourses on the Miracles of Christ," he exhibited such heterodox opinions as to occasion several answers to his work, and a prosecution against himself. He was sentenced to be imprisoned during a year, and to pay a fine of £100. B. at Northampton, 1669; D. in the rules of the King's Bench, 1733. WOOLLETT, William, wool'-let, an eminent English engraver, who became engraver to George III., and produced, among other fine works, "The Death of General Wolfe;" "The Battle of La Hogue;" "Cicero at his Villa," after Wilson; and some landscapes, after Claude. B. at Maidstone, Kent, 1735; D. 1785. nent authority, "on the literature, and espe- WORDSWORTH, Rev. Christopher, a learned English divine, who was the youngest brother of the poet-laureate, and after becoming fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, entered into orders, was appointed domestic chaplain to the archbishop of Canterbury, subsequently being preferred to a rectory in Norfolk, and the deanery of Bocking, in Essex. His principal works were, "Ecclesiastical Biography, or the Lives of Eminent Men connected with the History of Religion in England;" and "Who wrote Eikon Basilike ?" In 1820 he was nominated master of Trinity College, Cambridge, in which office he was succeeded by Dr. Whewell in 1841. B. at Cockermouth, 1774; D. in Essex, 1846. WORDSWORTH, William, words'-werth, an eminent English poet, who was the son of an attorney, and became a student of St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1787, where he took his B.A. degree in 1791. At this period he was an enthusiastic republican; and, soon after leaving college, repaired to France, where he became acquainted with some of the members of the Girondist party. Fortunately he was obliged to return to England at the end of 1792, shortly before the execution of Louis XVI. Long devoted to poetical pursuits, he, in 1793, produced his first verses, entitled "An Evening Walk," and "Descriptive Sketches taken during a Pedestrian Tour among the Alps." About this WORDSWORTH, Christopher, D.D., an Engtime he entertained the intention of studying for the bar, proposing to support himself in the lish divine and learned writer, was the youngest interim by writing political articles for the news- son of the preceding, and became fellow of paper press; but a friend having left him some Trinity College, Cambridge; public orator at money in order that he might cultivate his poeti- the same seat of learning in 1836; head-master cal talents, he resolved to entirely devote him- of Harrow School, retaining the post until 1844, self to verse. He removed to a rural retreat in aud archdeacon of Westminister in 1855. He Dorsetshire, where he composed his "Salisbury wrote a number of works, the most important Plain, or Guilt and Sorrow," and commenced of which were, "Memoirs of William Words. the tragedy called "The Borderers." In 1797 worth, Poet-laureate," "Saint Hippolytus and and "Lectures he became acquainted with Coleridge, then a the Church of Rome;" "Athens and Attica;" resident at Bristol; and, says Wordsworth,"Theophilus Anglicanus;' "for the sake of being near him, when he re- upon the "Apocalypse." B. 1807. moved to Nether-Stowey, in Somersetshire, we removed to Alfoxden, three miles from that place." In 1799 appeared a small volume, entitled "Lyrical Ballads," which was from the pens of the two poets. It contained the "Ancient Mariner," by Coleridge, and twenty-two pieces of verse by Wordsworth. The volume produced no impression upon the public, and the copyright was afterwards presented to the two authors. After making a tour in Germany with Coleridge in 1798-9, he went to reside at Grasmere, removing to Allan Bank in 1808, " WORLIDGE, Thomas, wor'-lidj, an English portrait-painter, who also excelled in executing copies of the etchings of Rembrandt. "For the greater part of his life," says Walpole, "he painted portraits in miniature; he afterwards, with worse success, performed them in oil; but at last acquired reputation and money by etchings in the manner of Rembrandt." His best piece is copied from that painter. B. at Peterborough, Northamptonshire, 1700; D. 1766. WORM, or WORMIUS, Olaus, vor'-me-us, an eminent Danish physician, historian, and anti Wornum quary, who, after travelling in France, Geraany, and England, became successively professor of medicine, literature, and chemistry at Copenhagen, and was appointed physician to the king and rector of the university. His works, which were written in Latin, were principally descriptions of the natural history of Denmark, treatises upon medicine, dissertations on the early history and antiquities of Denmark, and the history of Norway. B. at Aarhaus, Jutland, 1588; D. at Copenhagen, 1654. Wouverman series of well-considered experiments, the result of which was the discovery of the art of natureprinting. In this process, an object is placed upon a softened copper-plate; enormous pressure is applied, and the plate receives from the plant, or lace, or other substance, a complete transference of its outline and details. The copper-plate is next hardened, and rendered capable of being printed from. This beautiful art was first introduced into England by Mr. Henry Bradbury, who became acquainted with it while studying at the imperial printing-office, Vienna, and who was charged with having surreptitiously obtained it. Mr. Bradbury replied to the effect, that the honours of the WORNUM, Ralph Nicholson, wor'-num, a modern English writer upon art subjects, who was educated for the profession of a painter in England, and at Dresden, Rome, Munich, and Paris. In 1839 he established himself in Lon-invention were due quite as much to Mr. Kyal, don as a portrait-painter; but after a few years relinquished this pursuit for literature, with which he had for some time been partially occupied. He wrote articles upon ancient and modern art for Smith's "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" and the "Penny Cyclopædia," as well as several biographies of painters for the "Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge." Among the more important of his separate works may be quoted, "History of Painting, Ancient and Modern," and "Analysis of Ornament." He also edited the "Lectures on Painting, by Barry, Fuseli, and Opie," and "Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting in England." In 1855 he became secretary and keeper of the National Gallery. B. at Thornton, Durham, 1812. a Danish_goldsmith, and Professor Kniphof, who, in 1761, produced 1200 coloured specimens of plants by the process, as to the Viennese typographer. Both in England and in Austria some beautiful botanical works have been preduced by the process. Worring was born at Vienna, about 1806, WORSLEY, Sir Richard, wars'-le, an English writer, who became comptroller of the house hold of George III., governor of the Isle of Wight, and representative in Parliament for Newport. In the early part of his life he parchased, in various parts of Europe, a fine collec tion of marbles, statues, and other relics of antiquity, of which a description was engraved and published in a work entitled "Museum Worsleianum," upon which he spent £27,000. He also wrote a "History of the Isle of Wight." B. in the Isle of Wight, 1751; D. 1905. WORONZOW, Michael Ilarionowitch, Count, wo-ron-zov, a Russian statesman and diplomatist, who became, under the Empress WOTTON, Edward, wof-ton, a learned English Elizabeth, vice-chancellor, and, afterwards, physician, who became physician to Henry VIII, chancellor of Russia; in which office he dis- and wrote a work upon natural history, entitled played great abilities, till, finding himself op-De Differentiis Animalium." B. at Oxford, posed by a strong and vindictive party at the 1492; D. 1555. court, he resigned his functions and retired into private life. B. 1714; D. at Moscow, 1767. WOTTON, Sir Henry, an eminent English writer and statesman, who having proceeded to WORONZOW, Michael Semenovitch, Prince, an the degree of M.A. at Oxford, went abroad, eminent Russian general and statesman, who where he remained nearly nine years, and was nephew of the preceding. His youth, up upon his return was appointed one of the to the age of 16, was passed in England, where secretaries of the earl of Essex. After the his father was Russian ambassador, and where earl's apprehension in 1601, Wotton fled to the the young prince acquired a perfect knowledge continent, and became intimate with Ferdinand of English language and manners. When he I., grand-duke of Tuscany, who having dishad attained his 19th year, he entered the covered a plot against the life of James VI. of military service of his country, and fought Scotland, sent Wotton with letters to warn the against the Turks, and against the French at Scottish monarch, under the name of Octavio Borodino and at Leipsic, where he commanded Baldi. When James came to the English throne, the Russian cavalry. During the occupation of he conferred on Wotton the honour of krightFrance by the allies, he commanded the Russian hood, and sent him as ambassador to the re forces, and, after his return to Russia, became public of Venice and other states. In 1623 he governor of the Caucasus. At his magnificent was made provost of Eton. He wrote, among palace at Aloupka, in the Crimea, he was wont other works, "The Elements of Architecture,” to give a warm welcome to English visitors." Parallel between the Earl of Essex and the Opposed to the war between England and Russia, he, during the early portion of it, lived retired at Tiflis, and afterwards obtained leave to visit Carlsbad. His sister married the earl of Pembroke, and was the mother of the Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, afterwards Lord Herbert. B. at Moscow, 1782; D. at Odessa, 1856. Duke of Buckingham," "Characters of some of the Kings of England," "Essay on Education," and poems, printed in the Relique Wottonianæ," by Izaak Walton, B. in Kent, 1568; D. 1639. WOTTON, William, a learned English divine, who obtained a fellowship of St. John's Cal lege, Cambridge. His principal works were, "Reflections on Ancient and Modern Learning," which book was ridiculed by Swift in his WORRING, Andrew, wor-ring, an Austrian typographer, who perfected and introduced the art of nature-printing. At an early age he entered the imperial printing-office at Vienna," Battle of Books;" "An Abridgment of the and, after proceeding through the different departments, rose to the position of manager. Taking up an idea of Professor Haidinger, he, under the supervision of Councillor Auer, the director of the establishment, entered upon a Roman History;" "Memoirs of the Cathedrals of St. David's and Llandaff;" "Letter to a Student of Divinity." B. at Wrentham, Suffolk, 1666; D. at Buxted, Essex, 1726, WOUVERMAN, Philip, voo'-ver-man, a cele Wrangel brated Dutch painter, who excelled in depicting road-side, hunting, and marauding scenes. Though he enriched those who as a matter of speculation bought his pictures, he lived and died a poor man. B. at Haerlem, 1620; D. 1668. -His brothers, Peter and John, were both distinguished artists. Wren Leipsic, he was ordered to post himself in the forest of Hanau, and there intercept Napoleon and his army, then in full retreat upon French territory. The battle which ensued was severely contested, and Marshal Wrede held the road through the forest against Napoleon himself during several hours. The French emperor at WRANGEL, Charles Gustavus, ran'-gel, grand length cleared his way by a territic charge of marshal of Sweden, who distinguished himself the cavalry and artillery of the guard. Shortly as a naval and military commander. He de- afterwards Wrede was severely wounded; but feated the Danish fleet in 1644, the Imperial in the following year he entered France at the army near Augsburg in 1649, and the Dutch head of a Bavarian army, and defeated Marshals B. Marmont and Oudinot at Lesmont and at Barflect at the passage of the Sound in 1658. sur-Aube. After the return of Napoleon from 1613; D. 1676. Elba, Marshal Wrede again entered French territory, and remained there until the peace. He subsequently became Prince of Ellingen, and generalissimo of the armies of Bavaria. B. at Heidelberg, 1767; D. in Franconia, 1838. WRAXALL, Sir Nathaniel William, rax'-all, an English writer and politician, who in early life was employed in the civil service of the East India Company, and after returning to Europe in 1772, spent several years in travelling over the continent. He was also sent upon a private mission by Caroline Matilda, the queen of Denmark, to her brother George III. In 1780 he was elected member of Parliament, where he supported the measures of Pitt. He was a voluminous writer, and produced, "Cursory Remarks made in a Tour through the Northern Parts of Europe;" "Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw, and Vienna;" "Historical Memoirs of My Own Time," in which he wrote a libel upon the Russian ambassador, and was sentenced to six months' imprisonment and fined £500. He was created a baronet in 1813, and had previously received 1000 guineas from George III. for private services. B. at Bristol, 1751; D. at Dover, 1831. WRAY, Robert Bateman, rai, an eminent English engraver of gems, who was brought up to the business of a seal-engraver; but becoming possessed of great artistic skill, he devoted himself to the delineation of ancient sculptures and of historical portraits upon hard stones, after the style of the ancient Greek masters. His works were sold by Mr. Tassi, the eminent medallist, and the reputation of Wray became, in the course of time, European, his gems not being excelled by the best Italian engravers. The duke of Northumberland, Lord Arundel, and other celebrated connoisseurs, were among his patrons. His finest works were, "The Dying Cleopatra," "Medusa's Head," "Flora," "Madonna," "Milton," "Cicero," "Shakspere," and "Antinous." B. in Wiltshire, 1715; D. at Salisbury, 1770. WREDE, Charles Philip, Prince, reed (Germ. vrai'-de(r), a celebrated Bavarian general, who at first served with the Austrian armies against the French; but after the king of Bavaria had become the ally of Napoleon, General Wrede was appointed to a command in the "Grand Army" of the French, which entered Germany in 1806. While in command of the French vanguard, he took prisoners 1500 Austrians after the battle of Memmingen; and having distinguished himself at the siege of Dantzic, in the Tyrol, and at the battle of Wagram, he was created a field-marshal of the Bavarian service, and count of the French empire. In 1812 he was appointed to the command of the Bavarian cavalry in the grand army which invaded Russia, and during the retreat ably seconded Marshal Ney in covering the retreat of the flying soldiery. In 1813, Bavaria having detached herself from France, Marshal Wrede was sent to join the Austrians against his former companions in arms, and after the battle of WREN, Matthew, ren, a learned English prelate, who took his doctor's degree at the university of Cambridge, and afterwards became master of Peter-house, vice-chancellor of the university, in 1628 dean of Windsor, subscquently bishop of Hereford, and in 1636 bishop of Norwich; whence, in two years, he was translated to Ely. At the beginning of the civil war he was committed to the Tower, where he remained till the Restoration. He wrote a book against the Socinians and some controB. in London, 1585; D. 1667. versial tracts. WREN, Sir Christopher, a celebrated English architect, who at the age of 14 was sent to WadIn 1657 he was chosen ham College, Oxford, and in 1653 elected a fellow of All Souls'. professor of astronomy at Gresham College, but He comremoved to Oxford in 1660, on being appointed Savilian professor of astronomy. menced his career as an architect on being nominated, in 1661, assistant to the surveyorgeneral, Sir John Denham. The same year he was made doctor of civil law. In 1665 he was appointed architect for rebuilding St. Paul's Cathedral; and after the fire of London, he drew up the plan of a "New London," which was presented to the king, but was not adopted. In 1668 he became surveyor-general of his majesty's works. Being now very extensively employed as an architect, he resigned his professorship in 1673, and the year following received the honour of knighthood. In 1680 Le was chosen president of the Royal Society. He sat several times in Parliament. His greatest work, the present edifice of St. Paul's, was exccuted, not from his first and favourite design, but from a second one. It was commenced in 1675; divine service was first celebrated in the choir in 1697; and the last stone of the lantern was laid by the great architect's son in 1710the stupendous work thus occupying thirtyfive years in its erection. His other works are, the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford; the churches of St. Sepulchre, Newgate; St. Lawrence, Jewry; St. Michael's, Cornhill; St. Mary-le-Bow; St. Stephen's, Walbrook; St. Mary-at-Hill; St. Bennet Fink; St. Bride's, Fleet Street; St. Swithin's St. Antholine's, Watling Street; St. James's, Westminster; St. Clement's, Eastcheap; St. Martin's, Ludgate; St. Andrew's, Holborn: Christ Church, Newgate; tower and spire of St. Dunstan's-in-the-East; towers of west frout of Westminster Abbey; the Royal Exchange, London, destroyed by fire, Jan. 10, 1838; buildings at Cambridge: Custom House, London; Temple Lar; the Monument, London; Royal 4 B bishop, who became a favourite with William the Conqueror, whom he induced to transfer the diocese of Worcester, heid by Wulfstan. from the jurisdiction of the archbish prie of York to that of Canterbury. At the death of the Conqueror, he paid court to Bulus, and when Roger de Montgomery, an brrent of Duke Robert of Normandy, besiezed Worcester, the Anglo-Saxon bishop opposed a sucesstil resistance to the rebels. By some he is be to have been the author of that portion of the Saxon Chronicle beginning from 1031 and terminating with the death of William the Conqueror. He rebuilt the cathedral of Worcesta, A full biography of this spirited Anglo-Saxon bishop has been written by William of Mal esbury. B. in Warwickshire, about 1995; DEICIS. Observatory, Greenwich; Chelsea Hospital; ad- WRIGHT, Thomas, an eminent modern writer upon antiquarian subjects, who commenced his literary career while a student at Trinity College, Cambridge, and rapidly secured a reputation by his papers upon early English history and popular antiquities. In 1835 he assisted to found the Camden Society, of which he became secretary. In 1813 he contributed to the establishment of the British Archaeological Association, of whose "Journal" he was during several years the editor. He subsequently became correspondent of the French Academy of Inscriptions, of the Society of Antiquaries of France, and of the Paris Ethnological Society, as well as of most of the leading learned societies on the continent. He wrote voluminously; some of the most important of his learned works being, "The Political Songs of England, from the reign of John to that of Edward II.," "Queen Elizabeth and her Times;" "Specimens of Christmas Carols;" "Essays on the Literature, Popular Superstitions, and History of England in the Middle Ages;"" The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon; or, the History of the Early Inhabitants of Britain;" "The History of Ireland;" "Wanderings of an Antiquary," chiefly upon the traces of the Romans in Britain; the "History of Scotland; " and a translation of the "Life of Julius Cæsar," by Napoleon III. B. upon the borders of Wales, 1810. W: the WULSTAN, OF WULESTAN, Wool-stara, an Angam Saxon monk and writer, who wrote, in Lain prose, a "Life of Bishop Ethelwold" and a poem upon the miracles of St. Swithin. The former has been printed, but the latter res in cript. Lived in the 10th century. SER, Dagobert Sigismund, Count ren. (Germ. coora'-xer), field-marsh in ian service. In his youth he served in the French army, whence he passed into that of the empress Maria Theresa, and rose to the highest military rank. In 1793 he was seat against the French, whom he defested, and compelled to retreat in disorder into Upper Alsace. He then took Hagenan and some other strong places, but was afterwards attacked by Pichegru, compelled to abandon all that he had taken, and totally defeated at Frischweiker. The year following he commanded the army of the Upper Rhine, and made himself master of Mannheim. In 1796 he commanded in Ily, where he was defeated by Bonaparte, sad was at last obliged to throw himself into Marina, which he defended till the extremity of me obliged him to capitulate. B. in Alsace, 174, D. at Vienna, 1797. WRIOTHESLEY, Thomas, carl of Southampton, ri-oths-le, an English statesman, who, upon the outburst of the civil war, espoused the cause of the king, and was in 1615 appointed one of the commissioners for the treaty of peace at Uxbridge. After the death of Charles I., Lord Southampton was permitted to retire into private life in England. At the Restoration, he was appointed a member of the Privy Council, and in 1660 lord high treasurer. Pepys, in his | "Diary," thus speaks of this nobleman's death: "Great talk of the good end that my lordtreasurer made; closing his eyes and wetting his mouth, and bidding adieu with the greatest content and freedom in the world; and is said to die with the cleanest hands that ever any lord-treasurer did." D. 1667. WULISTAN, woolf'-stan, an Anglo-Saxon 1106 WYATT, Sir Thomas, the Elder, wat, an English poet and diplomatist, who, after com pleting his education at the university of Com bridge, received a post at court. Henry VII conferred on him the honour of kugood, and employed him in several embassies wrote some elegant songs and sonnets, printed with those of his friend the earl of Surres. He also translated David's Psalms into English verse. B. 1503; D. 1542. He WYATT, Sir Thomas, the Younger, was those of the preceding, and in 1515, while serving wa the army at Boulogne, was appointed by the earl of Surrey, the governor, a member of th council there, a post he is believed to have *tained until the place was returned to > French, in 1550. Four years later he was pointed to the command of the Kentish m in the insurrection of the duke of Suffolk; &# after gaining some advantages over the roas he was taken prisoner in London. He was soc afterwards condemned to death as a rebel. B. about 1521; executed, 1554. WYATT, James, an eminent English archi tect, who in his 14th year was taken to Bome by Lord Bagot, and there assiduously stuld the remains of ancient architectural art. next spent two years in Venice, and about 1767 returned to London, where he was employed to design the Pantheon in Oxford Street (since rebuilt); after which, according to Walpole, Le became the "fashionable architect" of the day. Wyatt He planned the alterations at Salisbury and Lichfi ld cathedrals, designed Fonthill Abbey for Beckford, and built a castle at Kew for George III. In 1802 he was elected president of the Royal Academy in place of West, who was re-elected in the following year. One of his sons, Benjamin, became the architect of Drury Lane Theatre. B. at Burton Constable, Staffordshire, 1716; D. 1813. Wycliffe the princely seat of the earl of Bridgewater Longleat Castle, Wiltshire, and Wollaton Hall Nottinghamshire. His remains were interred in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. B. at Burtonupon-Trent, Staffordshire, 1766; p. 1840. WYCHERLY, William, wich'-er-le, an eminent English poet and dramatic writer. In his 15th year he was sent by his father to France, where he resided until a short time before the Restoration, in the interval embracing the Roman Catholic religion, which he afterwards re WYATT, Richard J., an English sculptor, who studied his profession under Charles Rossi, R.A., under Bosio, at Paris, and finally received in-nounced; but again abjured the Protestant structions from Canova, at Rome. He produced faith, and returned to the Romish communion. a large number of excellent works; and upon In the reign of Charles II. he was distinguished some of them being placed in the Great Exhibi- by his wit and personal accomplishments, and tion of 1851, a medal for sculpture was awarded was taken into the particular friendship of the to the deceased sculptor. The Crystal Palace duchess of Clevel nd. About 1679 he married at Sydenham contains several casts from his the countess of Drogheda, who, dying shortly works. B. in London, 1795; D. at Rome, 1850, afterwards, left him the whole of her fortune, WYATT, Matthew Digby, an eminent English which was, however, dissipated in extravagance, architect and writer upon art-subjects, who stu- and in the law expenses consequent upon a suit died his profession in the office of his brother, relative to the deceased lady's will. He was and in 1841 made a tour through France, Italy, thrown into prison for debt, whence he was Sicily, and Germany; and, after his return to released by James II., who gave him a pension. England, published "Specimens of the Geo- In his 80th year he was married to a young lady metrical Mosaics of the Middle Ages." In 1818 of fortune; but, although he survived the cere he was engaged to restore and redecorate the mony only eleven days, he managed to squander Adelphi Theatre (since taken down). After a large portion of his wife's money. Upon his being engaged upon the press for some time, death-bed he advised the lady "not to take an he was appointed by the Society of Arts a mem-old man for her second husband." His comeber of the commission to report upon the Paris expositions of industry. Subsequently he took an active part in the arrangements for the Great Exhibition of 1851, of which he acted as one of the royal commissioners. When it was decided to reconstruct the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, he, together with Mr. Owen Jones, was dispatched to collect works of art upon the continent. Under his direction were constructed the Byzantine, Mediæval, Renaissance, and Italian courts, &c., the handbooks of which he assisted in preparing. He was in 1856 appointed architect to the East India Company, for which he erected some considerable works. Among other valuable publications, he produced, "The Industrial Arts of the 19th Century," "Metalwork, and its Artistic Designs," and the articles "Renaissance" and "Italian Ornament," for Owen Jones's "Grammar of Ornament." He was a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. B. near Devizes, Wilts, 1820. dies are, "Love in a Wood," "The Country Wife," "The Plain Dealer," and "The Gentle man Dancing Master." He likewise wrote some poems and "Moral Reflections." B. at Cleave, Shropshire, about 1610; D. 1715. WYCLIFFE, WICLIF, OF WICKLIFF, John de, wik'-lif, a celebrated English divine, styled the "morning star of the Reformation," was admitted first at Queen's, but afterwards removed to Merton College, Oxford. In 1361 his great talents procured him the mastership of Balliol College; and four years afterwards he was made warden of Canterbury Hall, then founded by Archbishop Islip, whose successor, Simon Langham, displaced him at the instigation of the monks, who were the sworn foes of Wycliffe, for exposing their corrupt errors and practices. In 1374 the pope having cited King Edward III. to Avignon for refusing to pay him a yearly tribute, Wycliffe was appointed a member of the legation sent to the conferences held thereupon WYATVILLE (WYATT), Sir Jeffry, wi'-at-ril, at Bruges. About this time he was preferred a celebrated English architect, who was de- by the king to the rectory of Lutterworth, in signed for the naval service; but the Royal Leicestershire. Having now openly preached George, the ship in which he was to have em- against the corruptions of the Roman church, barked, having been lost at Spithead, he was Pope Gregory XI., being informed of his conplaced in the office of his uncle, an architect in duct, issued several bull's against him, charging large practice in the metropolis. At the conclu- him with numerous heresies. An assembly was sion of his term of pupilage, he in 1799 joined accordingly held at St. Paul's by Courtney, in business with Mr. Armstrong, a large go- bishop of London, to examine Wycliffe, who vernment contractor, and was thus placed in a appeared, supported by John of Gaunt, duke of position to obtain commissions from many Lancaster, and Lord Henry Percy. Wycliffe noblemen and gentlemen in different parts of made an able defence of himself, and the counEngland. After designing some mansions, and cil ended without any determination. It would a new front for Sidney Sussex College, Cam- appear that, still continuing to denounce papal bridge, he was in 1821 commanded by George corruption, he was in 1373 summoned before a IV. to remodel Windsor Castle; upon which synod held in the archbishop's palace at Laugreat work he was employed during the remain-beth; but his safety was secured by a message der of his life. At the completion of the private from the king's mother, ordering the proceedapartments of the castle, he received the honourings to terminate. It is remarkable that, alof knighthood from his majesty, having previously added "ville" to his name by royal authority. Sir Jeffry also designed extensive alterations at Chatsworth, and erected buildings in Windsor Park, a temple at Kew, Ashridge, though Wycliffe continued his vehement attacks upon the temporal power of the pope, and also upon several vital points of Romish doctrine, he escaped the fate of those who professed "heresy." This immunity from the conse |