Bonaparte

people. In 1814 he retired to Rome; and afterwards, under the name of count de St. Leu, to Florence. B. 1779; D. at Leghorn, 1816.-Louis was fond of study and retirement, and it was only in obedience to the stronger mind of Napoleon that he undertook the burdens of administration and government. In 1802 he married Hortense Beauharnais, daughter of Josephine; but this marriage, although his wife was a most beautiful and accomplished woman, proved exceedingly unhappy, and they separated in 1810. Their first son, Napoleon Charles, whom the emperor fondly loved and adopted, died in 1807. Their second son, Charles Napoleon, died at Forli, in 1531, fighting for Italian independence. Their third son, Louis Napoleon, born in 1908, was elected president of the French republic, 1818, and emperor of the French, 1952. (See HORTENSE.)

BONAPARTE, Marie Pauline, the second daughter of the above, was first married to General Leclerc, whom she accompanied to St. Domingo, where she displayed the greatest courage. Leclerc dying in the isle of Tortuga, Pauline returned to France, and Napoleon married her in 1903 to Prince Camillo Borghese, duke of Guastalla, a wealthy Italian noble. This union, unlike the first, was not a happy one. B. 1750; D. 1825.-Pauline was of a haughty but kind disposition, and possessed strong prejudices. She was never favourably inclined to Maria Louisa, and Napoleon exiled her from court in consequence of a public affront to that empress. After the emperor's downfall, however, Pauline thought no more of his resentment, but sent him some magnificent and valuable diamonds, the only offering she had in her power to make. She left no children. BOYAPARTE, Caroline, the third daughter of the above, married in 1800 Joachim Murat, grand duke of Berg, who was proclaimed in 1 king of Naples. On the death of her hasband in 1815, she retired to Italy, where she lived with the title of countess of Lipona. B. 1782; D. 1839. She left one child, Lucien Napoleon Murat, better known as Prince Murat. B. 1903.

BONAPARTE, Jérome, the fifth and youngest Bon of the above, after serving in the navy in the West Indies, and performing missions in the service of France, married, in the United States, a Miss Patterson, daughter of a rich Baltimore merchant. This raarriage was afterwards dissolvel, and Jérome, by Napoleon's desire, married, in 1807, the Princess Catherine of Wurtemburg, and in a few days after became king of Westphalia, which dignity he held till 1813. After the fall of Napoleon, he resided in Italy for some time, with the title of prince de Montfort. When, under Louis Napoleon, the fortunes of the Bonaparte family were again in the ascendant, Jérome returned to Paris, and was appointed president of the state council. B. 1754; D. 1860.-He had by his second wife the Princess Mathilde, B. 1820, who was married in 1841 to Prince Demidoff, and Prince Napoleon-Joseph-Charles-Paul, B. 1822, and known as Prince Napoleon. In 1861, M. Bonaparte Patterson, grandson of Prince Jérome by Miss Patterson, instituted a suit in the French courts to have the validity of their marriage declared, which, after being heard for several days, was decided against the American branch of the family.

BONAPARTE, Prince Louis Lucien, second son

Boniface

of Lucien Bonaparte, is distinguished for his devotion to scientific and philological pursuits, and has written several works on chemistry, in French and Italian, and in 1857 publish d the "Bonaparte Polyglot," being the parale of the sower, from St. Matthew, in seventy-two i uropean languages and dialects. He is likewise a proficient in that singular language, the Basque, of which he has published a grammar, Under Napoleon III. he was male a senator. B. at Morngrove, Worcestershire, 1813.

BONAPARTE, Prince Napoleon-Joseph-CharlesPaul, son of Jérome Bonaparte and Prine. «« C'atherine of Wurtemburg, was, on the recall of the Bonaparte family from their long exile, clected to the Constituent Assemby, and became one of the leaders of the extreme republican party. He subsequently, however, retired from this course, and attached himself to h ́s cousin, Napoleon III. In 1854 he had a command in the expedition of the allies against Sebastopol, and fought at the battle of the Alma. In 1858 he was appointed minister of Algeria, but shortly afterwards resigned this post. In 1859 he married the Princess Clothilde, daughter of Victor Emmanuel, king of Sardinia, and in the Italian campaign of that year, had the com mand of the French ressive in the centre and south of the Peninsula. B. at Trieste, 1822.

BONE, Henry, R.A., Lon, the most eminent enamel-painter of his age, having carried the art to a pitch of perfection never before attained, was the son of a chair-maker, at Truro, where he was born in 1753. He was apprenticed to a china-manufacturer, at Bristol, where he obtained the first rudiments of the art which he afterwards practised with so much success. He removed to London, and at first painted enamels for jewellers and watchmakers, but afterwards confined his attention to miniature painting, many of his portraits being enamelled. He also executed several works in enamel from classical themes; was elected an academician in 1811, and was successively enamel-painter to George III., George IV, and William IV. D. 1831. His son, H. P. Bone, held the office of enamel-painter to her majesty Queen Victoria,

BONHEUR, Rosa, bon-kur, a French artist, distinguished as a painter of animal and still life. Her father, being himself an artist, directed her studies and taught her to copy nature; and with this view he frequently took her into the country, where she could see it in all its aspects, and at the same time copy the living creation as she beheld it moving in its freest and most careless conditions, or in a state of labour. Her" Labourage Nivernais" (ploughing in the snow) fixed her reputation, and her "Horse Fair," which was exhibited in 1855, at the French Exhibition in London, excited universal admiration. Her whole family are more or less artistic in their tastes, and she has both brothers and sisters who have acquired distinc tion in the paths of sculpture and painting. B. at Bordeaux, 1822.

BONIFACE, ST. bon'-i-face, a saint of the Roman calendar, and a native of England, who was sent by Gregory II. to convert the Germans. Gregory III. made him an archbishop. B. in Devonshire, 680; slain by some peasants in Friesland, in 755. His letters were printed in 1616.

BONIFACE I., pope and saint, succeeded Zozi. mus in 418, and was maintained in the pontifical

Boniface chair by the emperor Honorius, against his rival Eulalius. D. 422.

BONIFACE 11. succceded Felix IV. in 530. He was born at Rome, his father being a Goth. lle compelled the bishops in a council to allow him to nominate his successor, and accordingly he named Vigil; but another council disavowed the proceedings of the first. d. 532.

BONIFACE III. succeeded Sabinianus in 607, and died shortly after his election; but he obtained from the emperor Phocas the acknowledgment that the see of Rome was supreme over all other churches.

BONIFACE IV. was the son of a physician, and came to the tiara in 607. He converted the Pantheon into a church. D. 615.

BONIFACE V. was a Neapolitan, and succeeded Adeodatus in 617. le endeavoured to convert the natives of Britain to Christianity, and confirmed the right of sanctuary in churches. D. 625.

BONIFACE VI. came to the chair on the death of Formosus, in 896, but held it only fifteen days; for, being elected by a popular faction, he was deposed.

Bononcini

river views; his style is simple, picturesque, and free from conventionalisms.

BONNER, Edmund, bon'-ner, who rose to be an English prelate, was educated at Oxford, and afterwards entered into the service of Wolsey, who bestowed upon him several bene fices. Henry VIII., to whom he was chaplain, sent him to Rome to get the sentence of divorc from Katherine of Aragon confirmed; and here his behaviour was so bold, that the pope threatened to throw him into a caldron of boiling lead. In 1538 he was nominated bishop of Hereford, being then ambassador at Paris; but, before his consecration, he was translated to the see of London. Hitherto he had professed a zeal for the Reformed doctrines, but now that Henry was dead, and Edward VI. reigning in his stead, he scrupled to take the oath of supremacy, for which he was sent to prison; but on making his submission, was released. His negligence, however, in comply. ing with the laws, occasioned him a second imprisonment, and the loss of his bishopric. On the accession of Mary, he was restored to his episcopal functions, when he deprived the mar ried priests in his diocese, set up the mass in St. Paul's, and, through the whole of this reigu, evinced a most sanguinary spirit, bringing num

BONIFACE VII., whose surname was Francon, assumed the chair after murdering Benedict VI. in 974. He was driven out of Rome, but returned in 935, and caused the reigning pope,bers of Protestants to the stake. When Queen John XIV. to be murdered in prison. He was killed a few months after.

BONIFACE VIII., in 1291, terrified his predecessor Celestine into a resignation, by threatening him, by night, with eternal damnation if he did not quit the pontifical chair. The credulous pope, thinking this a supernatural voice, obeyed the command next day, and the crafty cardinal was elected. He commenced his pontificate by imprisoning his predecessor, and laying Denmark under an interdict. He also behaved in a haughty manner towards the Colonnas, a distinguished Roman family, who protested against his election, and called a council to examine the charge. Boniface excommunicated them as heretics, and preached a crusade against them. He incited the princes of Germany to revolt against Albert of Austria: and also issued a bull, in which he asserted that God had set him over kings and kingdoms. Philip the Fair caused this bull to be burnt at Paris; on which Boniface laid France under an interdict. Philip appealed to a general council, and sent his army into Italy, which took Boniface prisoner. The pontiff's behaviour on this occasion was bold enough; for, putting on the tiara, and taking the keys and the crosier in his hands, he said, "I am a pope, and a pope I will die." D. at Rome a few months afterwards, in 1303. He wrote several works. His persecuting tendencies are alluded to by Dante in the 27th chapter of the "Inferno." B. about 1228.

BONIFACE IX. was a Neapolitan by birth, and of a noble family. He was made cardinal in 1381, and pope in 1359. D. 1404.

BONINGTON, Richard Parkes, bon-ing-ton, an English artist of considerable promise, was born near Nottingham, in 1801, and after studying in Paris, visited Venice, and painted many excellent views of that picturesque city. He returned to England, and died of decline in Sept., 1828, at the early age of 27. Mr. Bonington had prepared sketches for several other pictures of Italian, and especially Venetian scenery, but was not permitted time to work them out. He painted, chiefly in water colours, marine and

182

Elizabeth came to the throne, however, retri butive justice fell upon his head, and he was sent to the Marshalsea prison, where he was confined during the remainder of his life. His body was interred in St. George's churchyard, Southwark. D. at Hanley, Worcestershire, at the close of the 15th century; D. in prison, 1569,

LONNET, Charles, bon-nai, a Swiss naturalist, whose studies were chiefly directed to the elucidation of the conditions of insect life. B. at Geneva, 1720; D. 1793.

BONNEVAL, Claude Alexander, count de, box'• ne-val, a French military adventurer, who, after serving in the army and navy of his own coun try, transferred his allegiance to Austria, and subsequently became a Mussulman. In Turkey he attained high distinction; and, under the title of Achmet Pasha, introduced European tactics, and taught the Turks the management of artillery. B. 1675; D. in Turkey, 1747.

BONNIVARD, Francis de, ton'-ne-tar, Byron's "Prisoner of Chillon," whose liberal opinions induced him to adopt the republic of Geneva as the most agreeable government for him to live under. For his defence of the rights of the republic against Charles III., duke of Savoy, he was twice imprisoned, the first time at Grolée, where he was immured for two years; and the second in the castle of Chillon, on Lake Geneva, where he remained six years. B. at Seyssel, in the department of the Ain, 1496; D. at Geneva, 1570.-Bonnivard wrote a history of Genera bequeathed his ecclesiastical possessions to the state, and to the town his books, which were the foundation of its public library. The shu dering picture which Byron has drawn of the sufferings of the two brothers of Bonnivard while chained to the stone columns in the dun geon of Chillon, has no foundation in truth. The eldest of the three" was the only one of his kindred confined there.

BONONCINI, Giovanni, bon'-on-che-ne, a musical composer, who, in conjunction with Handel and Ariosti, was engaged for the establishment of the Royal Academy of Music in London. is compositions were deficient in vigour, but

Bonpland

were marked by much grace and tenderness. Bat Bologna about 1660; D. about 1760.

Borgia

of experimental philosophy for which the French have since become distinguished.

BONPLAND, Aimé, bonp'-land, a superior botaist and the companion of Humboldt in his South-American explorations. In 1804 he be came superintendent of the gardens of the empress Josephine at Malmaison, and when she die, in 1814, he resigned his situation. In 1516 he once more visited S. America, and, after countering considerable dangers, finally set-proofs of his skill in the first, and in the second tled in the neighbourhood of San Borja, a small town on the banks of the Uruguay, in Brazil, where he continued to reside till his death. B. at La Rochelle, 1773; D. 1558.

BORDE, John Benjamin de la, bord, a French writer, who was valet to Louis XV., and on the death of that monarch was appointed farmer-general. He employed his leisure hours in studying music and the belles-lettres. His collection of airs, in 4 vols. 8vo, and essays on music, ancient and modern, in 4 vols. 4to, are

he distinguished himself by the "Memoirs of Coucy," 2 vols. 8vo, “An Essay on Ancient and Modern Music," "An Account of Sauznier's Voyages on the Coast of Africa," "Letters upon Switzerland," "History of the South Sea," and other works, n. at Paris, 1734; guillotined, 1791.

BooxE, Daniel, boon, a colonel in the United States service, and one of the carliest settlers in Kentucky, where he signalized himself by his BORDEAUX, Henry-Charles-Ferdinand-Mario many daring exploits against the Red Indians, Dieudonné d'Artois, Duc de, boor'-do, the son and also by his extensive surveys and explora- of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berri, who was tions of that state. In 1799 he removed assassinated in 1820, On the dethronement of to Upper Louisiana, then belonging to the Charles X. of France, his son the dauphin, Spaniards, and was named by them comman-Louis Antoine, renounced his claim to the dant of a district there. B. in Virginia, U.S., throne in favour of this prince; but he left 1735; D. in Missouri, 1822. Boone was one of France with the royal family in August, 1830. the most successful of the enterprising Ameri-Louis Philippe then ascended the throne, and can pioneers of the 15th century, and may be the duc de Bordeaux took the title of comte said to have explored, defended, and aided de Chambord. The French legitimists desig in the settlement of the country from the nate him as Henry V. He was married, in 1818, Alleghany Mountains to the frontier of Mis- to Maria Teresa, daughter of the ex-duke of Modena. Being childless he is the last of the elder branch of the Bourbon family. n. 1920.

Boorn, Barton, booth, an English actor, who, at the age of 17, entered into a strolling comPay, and whose reputation became so great that Betterton engaged him. When Addison's "Cat" was to be acted, he was selected to perform the principal part, and sustained it so well that one night a subscription of fifty gulacas was collected in the boxes and sent to him. He afterwards became manager of the house, and continued to perform nearly to his death. B. in Lancashire, probably at Warrington, 1681; D. 1733.

BOOTH, Sir Felix, the owner of a large distillery, distinguished for the great liberality he showed, when sheriff of London in 1829, in paying all the expenses, amounting to £17,000, of Captain Ross's second expedition to the Aretie regions, and whose name will always be honourably connected with the history of maritime discovery. He was knighted by William IV., and received the thanks of Parliament. B.1755; D. at Brighton, 1850.

BORELLI, Giovanni Alfonso, bo-rai-le, an eminent Italian professor of mathematics and medicine, who discovered and translated the lost books of Apollonius Pergæus, wrote the first theory of Jupiter's satellites, and endea voured to apply mathematics to medicine. In 1656 he was called to a professor's chair at Pisa, where he lectured with great success, and wrote much in connection with the sciences he pursued. Being supposed to have favoured a revolt of the Messinians, amongst whom he had gone to live, he was invited by Queen Christina of Sweden to Rome, where she then was. Thither he immediately went, and lived under her patronage until his death. Naples, 1609; D. at Rome, 1679.-The work "De Motu Animalium" is that upon which the medical reputation of Borelli depends.

D. at

BORGHESE, Camillo, bor-gai-zai, a scion of an ancient Italian family, amongst whom have been several cardinals, and other me nbers who have played distinguished parts in the public affairs of Italy, married the widow of General Leclerc, Marie Pauline Bonaparte, the sister of Napoleon I. In 1505 he was created a prince of the French empire, and, with the title of duke of Guastalla, became governorgeneral of the departments beyond the Alps, which embraced those former Italian states, and which were now annexed to France. Subsequently to the fall of the emperor, he fixed his abode at Florence, where, in a palatial structure, he lived in princely splendour. He had another residence at Roine, which he adorned with costly works of art. B. 1775; D. 1832.

BORDA, John Charles, bor'-da, a French mathematician, who early entered the navy, and was employed on a voyage of discovery along the coasts of Europe and Africa, with a view of, improving navigation and geography. The result of this expedition was published in two Vols. 4to, 1778. In the American war he served nder D'Estaing, with the rank of rear-admiral, Before this he had introduced uniformity into the architecture of the French ships of war. He Contributed numerous papers to the memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, chiefly relating to the construction of vessels, and to hydraulics. In 1757 he published the "Description and Use of the Circle of Reflection," in which he recommended the employment of the specular circles BORGIA, Cesar, bor-je-a, a profligate son of invented by Tobias Mayer. He also invented Pope Alexander VI., on whose accession he was many instruments now used in surveys by trian-made archbishop of Valenza and cardinal; but gulation. One of his last labours was the accurate being jealous of his brother John, who was determination of the length of the pendulum most in favour, he contrived to have him vibrating seconds at Paris. B. at Dax, 1733; D. drowned. He also dispatched a number of at Paris, 1799. To this mathematician and other persons, to gratify his avarice and re Coulomb is ascribed the rise of the correct views venge. Having renounced his cardinalship, họ

suggesting a sentiment of the noblest kind. The 2 vols. 4to. It is upon this admirable work that same year he was made bishop of Meaux. In the fame of Boswell as an author rests. It has 1697 he was appointed counsellor of state. Bos-received the commendationof the hi zaest au ́nsuet distinguished himself as a controversialist rities, has given gratification to thousands upon against the Protestants, and his "Exposition of thousands of readers, and presents us with the the Doctrine of the Catholic Church upon best portrait of a great man that has ever been Matters of Controversy" was written with so painted. B. at Edinburgh, 1740; D. 1795.—It much talent and ingenuity as to draw many may be considered a somewhat curious fact, that persons over to popery. It was translated into during the more than twenty years of acquaintseveral languages, and procured for the author ance which subsisted between Dr. Johnson and the thanks of the pope. Several able Protestants Boswell, they had been in each other's company atracked the bishop, who encountered them with not more than 276 days. This period embraces great spirit. E. at Dijon, 1627; p. at Paris, their tour to the Hebrides, when they were to 1704-His funeral orations are, no doubt, splen- gether from the 18th of August to the 22nd of did, affecting, and eloquent: but their style is November, 1773. Out of this period one of the by far too dramatic to suit the tastes of those most entertaining books that has ever bee. who view the occasions which call them forth, written was produced,-a book which is the as being better adapted for an humble expres- richest storehouse of wit and wisdom of which sion of sorrow, than for a pompous display of any language can boast. The great merit of sentiment. Boswell's "Life of Johnson" consists in this, that the author has recorded the sayings and doings of the great moralist and lexicographer without the slightest varnish or suppression, and this notwithstanding that Boswell himself frequently figures as the subject of Johnson's pungently satirical remarks. He had an intense admira tion of his "illustrious friend," as he is never tired of designating his patron, and seems to have taken as marks of favour observations made to him by the doctor, which, in themselves, are anything but complimentary. Indeed, as has been well remarked, Boswell's great work proves him to have been at once the best biographer and the meanest or most obtuse man that ever lived. The work, besides the two editions superintended by the author, has been many times reprinted.

BOSTON, Thomas, bos-ton, a Scottish divine of the early part of the 18th century, whose works are eminently popular with the religious community in his native country, was born in Dunse, Berwickshire, in 1676, and was pastor of the parish of Ettrick during the greatest portion of his life. He was a very voluminous writer, but his "Fourfold State "is the best known of his works, and is universally read and esteemed by the author's countrymen, and, indeed, by the religious world generally, both in Britain and America. D. May 20, 1732.

BoswELL, James, bog'-wel, the biographer of Dr. Johnson, was the son of Alexander Boswell, of Auchinleck, one of the Scottish justices of session. He was educated at the school and university of Edinburgh, and early distinguished himself by his love of poetry and the belles-lettres. Being, BOSWORTH, Joseph, D.D., F.R.S., &c., bos however, rather addicted to pleasure, and wish-wurth, an eminent Anglo-Saxon scholar and phiing to enter into the army, his father, who de- lologist, who was reared for the church, in signed him for his own profession, would not which he officiated for several years, both in Engallow him to adopt a military life. At his re- land and Scotland; but whose declining health quest he went to Loudon, where he contracted forced him to resign his duties. In 1523 he an intimacy with Dr. Johnson and other men of published his " Elements of Anglo-Saxon Gramliterary eminence. Thence he went to Utrecht mar," which brought him into correspondence and studied the civil law: after which he tra- and acquaintance with some of the leading velled through Germany and Switzerland. In Anglo-Saxon scholars of the day. In 1835 his the latter country he was introduced to Rous-"Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language" seau, and at Ferney visited Voltaire. He next appeared, of which another edition, in a more went to Italy, and passed over to Corsica, where, compendious form, was published in 1518. by means of an introductory letter which he After that period he occupied hin self in transreceived from Rousseau, he formed an intimacylating several Anglo-Saxon works, and in prewith General Paoli. On his return he published paring for publication the Anglo-Saxon and an account of Corsica. About this time he was the Gothic gospels in parallel columus. B. in admitted an advocate at the Scotch bar, and Derbyshire, 1788. distinguished himself in the famous Douglas cause against the Hamilton family, who laid claim to the property of the last duke of Douglas, in opposition to Mr. Archibald Douglas, the legitimacy of whose birth was disputed. The indolence of his disposition, however, coupled with his fondness for pleasure, were powerful impediments to his advancement in the legal profession; accordingly, he made little progress as a votary of Themis. In 1773 he accompanied Dr. Johnson in a tour through the Highlands and the western isles of Scotland, of which tour he wrote an entertaining account, published in 1784. On the death of his father he removed to London, and was admitted at the English bar, but never attained any considerable practice. By the influence of Lord Lonsdale, however, he was chosen recorder of Carlisle. In 1790 he published a book of high value in biographical literature. The Memoirs of Dr. Johnson," in

BOTHWELL, James Hepburn, Earl, both'-well, remarkable in the history of Scotland in connection with Mary, queen of Scots, and his supposed share in the murder of Henry Darnley, her husband. When that un'ortunate prince was blown up in the house where he slept, in the vicinity of Holyrood palace, suspicion fell strongly upon Bothwell and the queen. Both well was tried and acquitted. After this, he seized Mary near Edinburgh, and carried her prisoner to Dunbar Castle, where he first endcavoured, by soothing speeches and protestations of love, to prevail on her to marry him. she did so at last is certain; but it is said, and seemingly with justice, that she was forced to it by the worst advantages being taken of her. During these iniquitous proceedings, Bothwell procured a divorce from his former wife. Mary soon after created him carl of Orkney. But a confederacy among the lords being formed

That