one of the finest passages in the records of domestic life.

by Nelson in the battle of Aboukir, in which he their happy companionship in later years, form himself was killed. B. at Uzès, 1753. BRUN, Charles le. (See LEBRUN.) BRUNE, William Marie Anne, Marshal, broon, a law student and journalist, who when the Revolution broke out, took up arms, and served under Dumouricz. He rose rapidly, and in 1795 became a general of brigade under Napoleon I. He was appointed commander-inchief of the army which invaded Switzerland, after the peace of Campo Formio; and also of that of Italy after the tall of Berne. In 1805 he was made a marshal of the Frene' empire, and in 1807 became governor of the Hanseatic towns, but fell into disgrace for omitting the titles of Napoleon in the text of the convention which procured for France from Sweden the surrender of the island of Rugen. He now went into retirement till the first abdication of Napoleon, when be submitted to Louis XVIII., who gave him the cross of St. Louis. In the "Hundred Days" he joined Napoleon, but, after the battle of Waterloo, proclaimed the king. Leaving his corps and proceeding to Paris, he entered an in at Avignon, where he was attacked by an infuriated mob, who accused him of having been a terrorist, and taken part in the massacres of 1792. At that time, however, he said he was fighting on the frontiers of his country against the enemy. Nevertheless they immediately shot him, dragged his body through the streets, and threw it into the Rhone. B. at Brives, 1763; killed, 1815.

BRUNEL, Sir Mark Isambard, broo'-nel, discovered from his boyhood a decided predilection for mechanical studies, and seized upon every opportunity of giving them a practical effect, His parents, who were respectable French agriculturists, discountenanced these pursuits; but the force of nature would not be restrained, and after passing some time with the family of a friend of his father, of the name of Carpentier, he was induced to enter the mercantile marine, in which he made several voyages to the West Indies, Whilst employed in this service, he Continued to give specimens of his mechanical Ingenuity, and actually constructed a pianoforte whilst his ship was lying at Guadaloupe. The French revolution of 1793 drove him from his gotry, and, landing in New York, he resolved to endeavour to turn his engineering skill to Rome necount. Accordingly he, conjointly with another, surveyed the ground for the canal which now connects the river Hudson at Albany with Inke Champlain. Desirous, however, of returning to Europe, he came to England, where be produced several inventions, and submitted to the government a plan for making blockpulleys for ships by machinery. This was carried into excention in the dockyard at Portsmonth, and proved a wonderful success. Brunel was now a made man: he continued to exercise bis talenta in constructive works, and in 1825 Commenced excavating for the Thames Tunnel. This extraordinary work was opened to the public in 1843, after innumerable obstacles and imonltics had been overcome. This work, though a marvel of engineering skill, has proved an utter failure as a commercial specuBrunel, in 1841, had the honour of knighthood conferred upon him. n. at Haequeville, near Rouen, 1760; p. 1819. He was married to an English lady named Sophia Kingglam, and their constancy to each other during long years of acparation and difficulties, and

BRUNEL, Isambard Kingdom, son of the above, finished his education at the college of Henri IV. at Caen, in France, and commenced the study of civil engineering under his father. He was the resident engineer of the Thames Tunnel, and was the designer and civil engineer of the Great Western, which was the first steamship built to cross the Atlantic. He was also the constructor of the Great Britain, and the Great Eastern, the huge iron ship built at Millwall in 1857. In 1833 he was appointed en. gineer to the Great Western Railway, and all the tunnels and works connected with that line and its branches were constructed under his direction. He also superintended the erection of many bridges; among which may be mentioned the old Hungerford suspension bridge across the Thames (recently removed), which had the widest span of any similar structure in England, and the bridge of the Cornwall Railway, crossing the Tamar at Saltash. This latter is supported by a central pier from a depth of 80 feet of water, which is the deepest yet achieved in civil engineering. It was opened in May, 1859, by Prince Albert, after whom it was named, and is one of the greatest undertakings of its kind in the world. B. at Portsmouth, 1806; D. Sept. 15, 1859.

BRUNELLESCHI, Philip, broo-nail-lais'-ke, an Italian architect, who crected the dome of the cathedral at Florence, which Michael Angelo pronounced a work of uncommon beauty. lle was patronized by the Medici family, for whom he built some magnificent structures. He was also an excellent engineer, and skilled in mili tary architecture. B. at Florence, 1377; p. 1444.

BRUNNOW, Ernest Philip, Baron, broom'-no, a modern Russian diplomatist, who assisted at the congress of Laybach and Troppau. After being engaged in various important positions in England, Turkey, Germany, and at his own court, he was sent as ambassador to Great Britain in 1840, and remained in that post till the breaking out of the Russian war in 1854. In 1856 he was at the congress of Paris, and in 1858 returned to London. B. 1797.

BRUNSWICK, House of, one of the oldest German families, deriving its descent from Albert Azo I, margrave of Este, in Italy, who died in 961. Her majesty Queen Alexandrina Victoria is a descendant of one of the branches of this family. Several distinguished commanders have sprung from this house; among whom may be noticed Charles William Ferdinand, who was educated as a soldier, and who, after having fought in many campaigns, was defeated at Jena and Auerstadt, where he was wounded, in October, 1806, and died the following month. His son, William Frederick, fell at Ligny, on June 16, 1815. It is to the gallantry of this prince that Byron, in the third canto of his "Childe Harold," dedicates a stanza in his description of the battle of Waterloo.

BRUTUS, L. Junius, bru'-tus, the son of M. Junius and Tarquinia, second daughter of Tar quin Priscus. His father, with his eldest son, having been murdered by Tarquin the Proud, he was called Brutus on account of his stupidity, which, however, was only feigned. He expelled the Tarquins from Rome, condemned to death his own sons Titus and Tiberius for conspiring against their country, and fell fighting for the

Brutus

liberties of the people, in the year 509 B.C.His body was brought to Rome, and received' as in triumph; a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic.

Buchanan

Academy. B. at Durdon, in Normandy, 1644; p. at Versailles, 1695.—Bruyér 's "Characters in the manner of The phrastas" aequired great popularity, as they were drawn from real persons, and exposed the prevailing follies in a bold yet delicate style. The best editions are those of Amsterdam, 1741, and Paris, 1765.

BRYANT, William Cullen, bri-ant, one of the best of the American poets. He was educated for the law; but having early enrolled himself under the banner of the Muses, he abandoned Themis, and devoted himself to the study of literature. This took place in 1825, when, in conjunction with Robert Sands, he founded the "New York Review and Athenaum Magazine." He next began the publication of an annual called the "Talisman," which extended his popularity as a poct. Secking, however, either a more extended sphere of us falness or excite ment, he resigned all connexion with the Muses, and became editor of the "New York Evening Post." To this paper he has devoted his energies for upwards of thirty years. B. at Cummington, Massachusetts, 1791-The " Ages" is the longest and the best poem of Mr. Bryant, but his other effusions have very great merit.

BUCER, Martin, Loo'-sair, one of the Protes

but afterwards inclined to Zuinglius, though he laboured much to bring the two parties to a union. He came to England in 1519, and was made divinity professor at Cambridge. n. in Alsace, 1491; D. 1551.-In the reign of Mary, his body was taken up and burnt. His writings are very numerons.

Bacres, M. Junius, the son of Servilia, Cato's sister, and Decimus Junius Brutus, was lineally decended from the above. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar not only spared the life of Brutus, but made him one of his most favoured friends, He, however, forgot the obligation because Casar aspired to supreme power. He conspired with many of the most illustrious citizens of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in the senate-house. Antony having taken up arms to avenge Casar, Brutus retired into Greece, where he gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by his powers of persuasion; but he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom young Octavius accompanied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who commanded the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy, and even took the camp of Octavius; but Cassius, who had the care of the left, was overpowered by the persevering valour of Antony; and as he knew not the situation of his friend, and grew des-tant reformers, who first united with Luther, prat, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored his fall, and in the fulness of his grief called him the Lart of the Romans. In another battle, the wing Which Brutus commanded obtained a victory; be the other was defeated, and he found himself urrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He, however, made his escape; but hearing that many of his personal friends had deserted to the Cators, and that their attempts to seduce La soldiers were incessant and too successful, be at last fell upon his sword, exclaiming, "O virtue, thou art but an empty name; I have worshipped thee as a goddess, but thou art the $ave of fortune!" Fell 42 B.C. Brutus is not less celebrated for his literary talents than his valour in the field. When he was in the camp, the greatest part of his time was occupied with reading and writing: and on the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles, while the Fest of his army was under continual apprehensions, Brutus calmly spent his hours till the evening in writing an epitome of Polybius. Plutarch mentions, that Casar's ghost made its appearance to him in his tent, and told him that he would meet him at Philippi. He married Claudia, whom he afterwards divorced without assigning any reason, for which his conduct was deservedly reprehended, and he immediately took for his second wife, Porcia, the daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing barning coals, when she heard the fate of her husband. It is said that both Brutus and Cassius fell upon those very swords which they had raised against the life of Julius Caesar.

BRUTUS, Decimus Junius Albinus, also one of Casar's murderers, was distantly related to the above. It was he who prevailed upon the dietator to go to the senate-house, when he seemed doubtful, in consequence of the unfavourable appearance of the omens. He was betrayed into the hands of Antony, and put to death,

B.C. 42.

BRUYERE, John de 11, broo'-yair, a French writer of eminence, whom Bossuet employed as a teacher of history to the duke of Burgundy. He was admitted a member of the French

BUCHAN, William, buk'-an, a physician, who, after studying medicine at Edin' urgh, became physician to the Foundling Hospital at Ackworth, Yorkshire. He continu d'there till the institution was dissolved, and then returned to Edinburgh, where he practis d several years with success. In 1770 he published his popular book, entitled "Domestic Medicine; er, a Treatise on the Cure and Prevention of Diseases," which attained a sale of 80,000 copies during the author's lifetime. He now removed to London, where he obtained considerable practice, which was d minished by the preference he gave to so icty rather than to business. B. at Aneram, in Roxburghshire, Scotland, 1729; p. 1:05. He published two other professional books, which went through three editions.

BUCHANAN, George, bu-kën'-an, an eminent writer, who embraced the doctrines of the Reformation, and was employed by James V. as a tutor to his natural son, the carl of Moray. At the same king's command he attacked the Franciscans in a satirical poem, for which his life being threatened, he fled to England, and thence to France, where he obtained a profes sorship in the college of Guienne, in Bordeaux, and subsequently held the regency in the college of Cardinal Le Moine, from 1511 to 1517. He next went to Portugal, and became a teacher of philosophy in the university of Coimbra; but expressing some free opinions, he was confined in a monastery, in which he translated the Psalms of David into Latin. This is generally considered to be the finest Latin version of the book of Psalms. In 1551 he obtained his liberty, and after residing some time in France and England, returned to his native country, where he was appointed principal of the college of St. Leonard, in the university of St. Andrew's.

This favour he obtained from Queen Mary, enjoyed some reputation. His "Rehearsal ' which he ill requited by writing a book called especially was popular, on account of the severe a "Detection of her Doings," designed to pre-ridicule which it bestowed upon Dryden, under judice the minds of her subjects against her. the character of Bayes, as well as on account of The Scottish nobility now nominated him tutor the wit with which it sparkled. to James VI. In this capacity he laboured to imbue the Scottish Solomon with wisdom, but succeeded only in making him a pedant, because, as he said, he could make nothing else of him. B. at Killearn, Stirlingshire, 1505: D. at Edinburgh, 1582.

BUCKINGHAM, James Silk, an enterprising traveller, a lecturer, and a social reformer, who, from humble circumstances, rose to represent in parliament the constituency of Sheffield from 1832 to 1837. The results of his travels he gave to the world at different times, and established in London the "Oriental Herald," which was the precursor of the "Athenæum," and several other publications. In 1816 he had establisheda journal in India: but from the freedom of his criticisms upon the administration of publie affairs, he was expelled from the presidency of Bengal, and ruined in his fortunes. To make some amends for this treatment, the Honourable East India Company, a few years before his death, allowed him a pension. In 1843 he was the chief agent in establishing the British and Foreign Institute, of which he was appointed secretary, but which preserved a languid existence for three years only. He subsequently be came a pensioner on the civil list to the extent of £200 a year. B. at Flushing, near Falmouth, Cornwall, 1796; D. in London, 1855.-His son, Mr. Leicester Buckingham, who was well known in London as a comic author, burlesque writer, and journalist, died in 1867. B. 1825. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, John Sheffield, Duke of,

BUCHANAN, James, president of the United States for the years 1857 to 1861, was bred a lawyer, and at 25 years of age was elected a inember of the Legislative Assembly of Pennsylvania, and kept his seat for eleven years. He then entered upon diplomacy, concluded an important commercial treaty with Russia, and was ininister plenipotentiary at the court of St. Petersburg till 1833. Returning to America, he gained a seat in Congress, and was subsequently secretary of state under President Polk. In 1853 he was appointed by President Pierce ambassador to England, and remained there till 1856, when, being recalled, he was chosen by the democratic party as their candidate. In the struggle for the presidency, he represented the singular alliance between democratic progress and the retention of the "peculiar institution" of slavery. He beat his most formidable opponent, Colonel Fremont, by 163 votes to 125. B. at Stoney Batter, Pennsyl vania, 1791. During his presidency the seces-buk-ing-ham-sheer, was the son of Edmund, sion of the Southern States was begun, which led to a civil war between the two divisions of the states, which Buchanan was accused of facilitating by his weakness at the first beginning of the movement.

BUCKINGHAM, George Villiers, Duke of, buk'ing-ham, the profligate favourite of the pedant king James I., was the son of Sir George Villiers, a knight who had lands in Leicestershire, He rose to the highest offices and honours, and conducted an attack upon the island of Rhé, in which he lost 2000 men, displaying his incapacity for such enterprises, and returned to England discredited both as an admiral and a general, and bringing no praise with him, as Hume says, "but the vulgar one of valour and personal bravery." Being intrusted with the Command of a large force to relieve La Rochelle, he went to Portsmouth to superintend the necessary preparations, previous to his departure, when he was stabbed by a half-madman of the name of John Fenton. B. at Brookesley, Leicestershire, 1592; killed at Portsmouth, 1623.

BUCKINGHAM, George Villiers, Duke of, son of the above, a favourite of Charles II., as noted for his wit as his profligacy. He was a man who had made" the whole body of vice" his study, and even had the heartlessness to propose the removal of the wife and queen of his sovereign to a West-Indian plantation, to quiet his apprehensions of her interfering with some of his infamous intrigues. His name contributes a letter in the anagram of the "Cabal" ministry, of which he was a member. B. in London, 1627; D. at Kirkby Moorside, in the house of one of his tenantry, Yorkshire, 1688.This is the nobleman who furnished Pope with a subject for a few satirical lines in one of his moral essays, and also sat for Dryden's por trait of Zimri, in his "Absalom and Achitopliel." He himself was an author of considerable wit, and produced several pieces which, in their day,

earl of Mulgrave, and served under Marshal Turenne, and took an active part in the revolution of 1688. In 1703 he was created duke of Normanby and Buckinghamshire. Bucking ham House in St James's Park, now the royal palace, was erected by him. B. 1649; D. 1720. He wrote some poems, which in his time were presumed to evince genius, and received the praises of Pope and Dryden.

BUCKLAND, the Very Rev. William, buk’-land, dean of Westminster, and a distinguished geologist and mineralogist. In 1813 he was ap pointed reader in mineralogy, and in 1818 reader in geology, at the university of Oxford. In 1822 the Royal Society awarded him the Copley medal for "An account of an assemblage of fossil teeth and bones of the elephant, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, hyena, and sixteen other animals, discovered in a cave at Kirkdale, York. shire." He published several works in connexion with his favourite science, and it may safely be affirmed that it is to his vigorous exertions more than to those of any other man, that geological science is so far advanced in this country as it is. In 1815 he was made dean of Westminster. He was a member of scre ral scientific societies, and a trustee of the British Museum. B. at Axminster, Devonshire; 1784; D. Aug. 14, 1856.

BUCKLE, Henry Thomas, luk'-el, the son of a merchant of London, was well known for his historical researches, and especially the "History of Civilization," the first volume of which ap peared in 1858, and the second in 1861; but these were merely instalments of a great work which the author had designed, but which, unfortu nately, he did not live to complete. He was also the author of an "Essay on Liberty," and an other on the "Influence of Women.' B. at Lee, Kent, Nov. 24, 1822; D. in 1862, at Damascus, whither he had gone to study the language, law, and characteristics of Oriental nations.

Buckstone

BECKSTONE, John Baldwin, buk'-ston, a distinguished actor, dramatic author, and theatrical manager, was originally intended for a naval taner, was afterwards articled to a solicitor, and at the age of 19 embraced the stage, making his first appearance at Wokingham, Berkshire, in the character of Gabriel in the “Children in the Wool" After playing in the provinces for some time, he appeared at the Surrey Theatre, Londen, in 1924, in the part of Peter Smirk, in the "Armistice." His success was satisfactory, and, taking to authorship, he played at the Adelphi, in 1929, as Bobby Trot, in his own drama of "Lake the Labourer." About this time he made the acquaintance of Sir Walter Scott, whose commendations stimulated Mr. Buckstone to fresh exertions of his powers of composition. He wrote several pieces for the Haymarket Theatre, which led to his being engaged as leading comedian at that house, of which he has for several years been lessee and manager. He has produced no less than 150 different pieces, nearly all of which have been received with mah favour by the public. Among these may be mentioned (for we cannot enumerate the whole), "A Husband at Sight;" "Married Life;" "Single Life;" A Lesson for Ladies;" "Weak Points" "Popping the Question;" "Our Mary Anne," "The Wreck Ashore;" "Victorine;" "The May Queen;""The Dream at Sea;" "The Irish Lion;""Last Year;" "Good for Nothing," "Green Bushes," &c., &c. Mr. Buckstone is one of the most active promoters of the General Theatrical Fund, and of the Dramatic College established near Woking for aged actors. B. near London, in 1802.

Buller

BUGRAUD DE LA PICONNTRIF, Thomas Robert, book-o, duke of Isly, a marshal of France, who, in 1991, entered the army as a private, went through all the campaigns of Napoleon I., and rose to the rank of colonel by his valour in the field. Even after the decisivo defeat of the emperor at Waterloo, he hell his ground in Savoy; and on the 25th of Jure, 1×15, at L'Hospital-sous-Conflans, made the last stand against the allies, defeating with_1700 men a body of 8000 Austrians. After Nap leon's abdication, he busied himself with agricultural pursuits. In 1830 he was recalled from his retirement, and under Louis Philippe ene • getically repressed the insurrections in Paris. In 1836 he was sent to Algeria, where he de feated Abd-el-Kader of the Sikkah, but male a treaty with the Arab chief at Tafaa, which unfortunately gave that formidable opponent of France many advantages. In 19) he was made governor of Algeria, and displayed in that capacity considerable administrative talents, He was incessant in his pursuit of Abd-elKader, who was again in arms at the head of a large force; and after several minor successes, General Bugeaud, who was made a marshal in 1813, met the Arab army at Isly, and there gained, with 10,000 men against 47,000, a deci sive victory. This battle gave him the title of Duke of Isly. In 1847 he retired, discontented that his plans for colonizing Algeria were thwarted. Summoned to the aid of Louis Philippe on the night of the 23rd and 24th of February, 1919, the command of the army was, a few hours afterwards, taken from him, just as he had adopted decisive measures to save the monarchy. After the election of Louis Napo leon, in the December following, as president of the republic, Bugeaud was taken into favour, and received the command of the army of the Alps, but died s on after. B. at Limoges, 1781; D. at Paris, 1849.

BULL, Dr. John, bool, a famous musician, who in 1591 was created doctor, and appointed or granist of the royal chapel. He was the first pressor of music in Gresham College. n. at Wells, Somersetshire, 1563; D. at Antwerp, 1629-He is the reputed composer of the na tional anthem "God Save the King."

BOGELL, Eustace, badj-ei, an English , who received his education at Christchurch, Oxford, whence he removed to the Middle Temple, for the purpose of following the profession of the law. Mr. Addison, to whom he was related, took him to Ireland as one of his clerks, when he was appointed secretary to the earl of Wharton, then lord-lieutenant of Ireland. He wrote several papers for the "Tatler," "spectator," and "Guardian;" "Lives of the Family of the Boyles;" and translated Theophrastus's "Characters" from the Greek. B.at Exeter, 1695; drowned in the Thames, 1736. BUFFON, George Louis le Clerc, bof'-fawng, BULL, Ole Bornemann, a Norwegian violinist, an illustrious French naturalist, was the son of whose father destined him for the church. He a counsellor of the parliament of Dijon, where was educated at the university of Christiania, he studied for the law. His inclination, how- but made little progress until he had an oppor ever, led him into the paths of science, and he tunity of showing his great natural musical paid much attention to astronomy and geome- talents. He then became an object of enthu try. At the age of 20 he made the tour of siasm with his countrymen, for he was the first Italy, after which he visited England, and, in musical genius Norway had produced. In 1829 1735, published some translations from the he went to Cassel, to study under Spohr. His English. In 1733 he was admitted into the first appearance in public was a failure, and for Academy of Sciences, and app inted superin- many years he laboured without success. It tendent of the royal garden and cabinet, which, was not, indeed, until 1851 that his genius was by his care, were considerably enriched and im acknowledged, after which time he played to proved. Profiting by the resources of the esta- crowded audiences in all the great cities of blishment over which he presided, he devoted Europe and America. Failing in his attempt to himself entirely to the study of natural history. establish a Scandinavian colony in Pennsylvania, In 179 appeared the first part of his great he returned in 1960 to Norway, and opened a work, "Natural History, General and Particu- theatre in his native town. n. at Bergen, 110. lar," which was not completed till 1788, when it BULLER, the Right Hon. Charles, bool-ler, amounted to 36 vols. to, with illustrations. was the son of a gentleman in the civil service Several volumes were added by way of supple- of the East India Company, and was returned ment. Besides this voluminous work, he trans- M.P. for West Looe, Cornwall, in 1530. In 1833 lated Hales's "Vegetable Statics," and New he became member for Liskeard, for which to the "Memoirs of the Royal Academy." ton's "Fluxions," and contributed many papers town he sat until his death. In 1817 he was D.appointed president of the Poor-law Commission, and was an extensive contributor to the "Edin

at Montbard, Burgundy, 1207; p, 1758.

201

Bulow

burgh" and the" Westminster Review," as well as to the newspaper press. B. at Calcutta, 1806; D. in London, 1848.

BULOW, Frederick William, boo'-lo, a distinguished Prussian general, who, in the campaign of 1813, saved Berlin by the victories he gained at Grossbeeren and Dennewitz, and from which latter he obtained the title of Count of Dennewitz. He took a prominent part in the battle of Leipsie, and also in the final defeat and pursuit of the French at Waterloo. B. 1755; D. 1916.-Unlike the majority of military men of high rank of this period, Bulow was remarkable for his refinement and great general knowledge. BULWER, Sir Henry Lytton Earle, bool'-wer, a privy counsellor, a diplomatist, and an author. He has been connected with diplomatic missions to Berlin, Vienna, the Hague, Paris, Brussels, Constantinople, and in 1813 was despatched to Madrid as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. In 1848 he was dismissed from the Spanish court, on account of his opposition to the arbitrary conduct of the government of that country, but he was supported by his own government, and Spain was, for two years, without a British representative at her court. In 1819 he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to the United States, and in 1952 became envoy extraordinary to Tuscany. In 1851 he was made Knight Grand Cross of the order of the Bath, and, in 1957, succeeded Lord Stratford de Redcliffe as ambassador at Constantinople, a post which he retained until 1866. His chief works are, "France, Social and Literary," and "The Monarchy of the Middle Classes." B. 1804.

Buren

side of the Parliament, and was present at the siege of Leicester. About 1655 he became a member of, and was accustomed to address, a Baptist congregation at Bedford. On this ac count, he was, at the Restoration, confined in the gaol of that town for twelve years and a half, supporting himself and family by making laces. Here he wrote his esteemed "Pilgrim's Progress," a religious allegory, which has re ceived universal praise, and been translated into different languages. On his release from prison, he became teacher of the Baptist congre gation at Bedford, often travelling into different parts of England to visit the people of that per suasion, and was consequently called Bishop Bunyan. B. at Elstow, 1628; D. in London, 1688.-His works have often been printed col lectively, and, perhaps, are more widely known than those of any other religious writer in the language.

BUOL-SCHAUENSTEIN, Count de, boo'-ol, a modern Austrian diplomatist, was the son of a diplomatist of the same name, and was born in Switzerland in 1797. He represented his sovereign at the court of Turin in 1847, during the agitation which led to the Italian war of 1913, and was afterwards appointed am bassador to London. On the death of Prince Schwartzenberg in 1852, he was recalled to Vienna, and named minister of foreign affairs and prime minister of Austria. He was at the head of affairs when war was declared against Sardinia in April, 1859, but resigned in May following, being succeeded by Count Rechberg. BUONAROTTI. (See MICHAEL ANGELO.) BUNSEN, Christian Karl Josias, Chevalier de, BURCKHARDT, John Louis, boork-hart, a boon'-sen, diplomatist, theologian, and philo- Swiss traveller, who, in 1806, arrived in London logist, was educated at the university of Göttin- with a letter from the celebrated Blumenbach gen, where he greatly distinguished himself as to Sir Joseph Banks. Having succeeded in a classical scholar. He subsequently went to making an engagement with the African AsParis, to study eastern languages under Syl-sociation to endeavour to penetrate into the vestre de Sacy, the orientalist, with a view of going to India. Having been introduced to the celebrated Niebuhr, he became his secretary at Rome, but soon obtained a higher position as secretary to the Prussian embassy in the Roman capital. Here he pursued his classical studies with Niebuhr, and, at the same time, took a deep interest in the hieroglyphical researches of Champollion. In 1822 the king of Prussia visited Rome, and soon became aware of the abilities of his secretary of legation. This was the prelude to his rise in the world of diplo macy. When Niebuhr retired from the embassy at Rome, Bunsen was appointed to fill his place. In 1839 he became ambassador to the Swiss confederacy, and, in 1811, was appointed Prussian ambassador to England. Here he remained, esteemed by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance, till 1854, when his opinions of Prussian policy relative to the Russian war led either to his resignation or recall. He wrote a great many works; but he is, perhaps, best known in England by the one entitled "Egypt's Place in History." B. at Corbach, in the principality of Waldeck, 1791. D. at Bonn, November 29, 1860.

interior of Africa from the north, he sailed from Portsmouth in 1809. He passed two years and a half in Syria, and made two journeys through Nubia, which occupied him down to 1914. He next passed a considerable time in Arabia, visited the cities of Mecca and Medina, where he fell ill; but, on recovering, set out for Cairo, where he arrived after an absence of upwards of two years. The plague having broken out in 1816 at Cairo, he departed for the desert of Sinai. In 1817 we find him again in Cairo, where he was taken ill of dysentery, of which he never recovered. B. at Lausanne, Switzerland, 1784; D. at Cairo, 1817.-The works of this traveller comprise "Travels in Nubia," "Travels in Nu bia and the Holy Land," "Travels in Arabia," and "Notes on the Bedoweens and Wahabces."

BURDETT, Sir Francis, Bart., bur-det, a distinguished political reformer, who, for nearly the first half of the nineteenth century, filled a large space in the public eye. B. 1770; D. 1844.

BUREN, Martin Van, an American statesman and president of the Union, was born at Kinderhook, Columbia county, in the state of New York, on the 5th of December, 1782. Both his BUNYAN, John, bun-yan, one of the most cele-parents were of Dutch origin, and he was rebrated English writers, was originally a travel-garded as one of the few representatives of the ling tinker, and, having neither been taught to read nor to write, led a profane kind of life for some years. At length his attention was happily drawn to higher subjects, and he began to study the Scriptures, of which he acquired a great knowledge. In the civil war he took the

unadulterated Knickerbocker stock who first brought industry and civilization to the ancient colony of Manhattan. He acquired the first rudiments of an education in the schools of his native village; at 14 he commenced the staty of law, and duly completed his course of legal