country, and called the Parthenopean republic. kish general under Mohammed IV., after rising A few months later the Neapolitan citadels from an obscure position to that of grand were captured by Cardinal Ruflo and the crew equerry, was in 1676 appointed grand vizier. of the British ship Seahorse, the patriots capitu- His pride, avarice, and cruelty made hi lating on condition of having their lives spared. very obnoxious; and at the siege of Vienna in Nelson, however, annulled the treaty, and de- 1683, he was so anxious to prevent the sack livered the captives up to the vengeance of the of the city by the Turkish soldiers, lest the court. Caraccioli was tried by court-martial, treasures it contained should not fall entirely composed of Neapolitan officers, on board the into his own hands, that he obstinately refused British flag-ship, and condemned to be hanged, to make the assault, and thus allowed John which sentence, by Nelson's orders, was carried Sobieski to come up to the relief of the city, out the same night, the body of the venerable when the Turks were utterly defeated and Prince being cast into the sea, into which, it driven back upon their own territory. Cara was said, it would not sink. This unhappy Mustapha was arrested for this crime, and, by transaction has left the only stain on the other-order of the Sultan, put to death at Belgrade, wise brilliant career of the greatest of British Dec. 26, 1683. B. 1634. admirals. B. 1748; D. 1799, CARACTACUS, or CARADOC, ka-rak-ta-kus, a British king, celebrated for his magnanimous deportment when brought before the emperor Claudius, in 51. He had been betrayed by Cartismandua. Claudius was so touched on the occasion as to take him into his favour, and to give him his liberty. There were some other British princes of the same name. CARADOC, kür'-a-doc, a British historian, who wrote the "Chronicle of Wales" from 6 to his own time. Of this work several copies remain. D. 1156. One copy of his chronicle has been continued to 1196, and another to 1230. They are all in MS. CARAFA, Michele, kaw-ra'-fa, a distinguished musical composer, born at Naples in 1787, son of the Prince de Colobrano, joined the army and served in Murat's hussars, was made equerry to that dashing warlike king, and took part in the French expedition into Russia in 1812, after his return from which he was made chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He subsequently devoted himself to the study of music, and in 1814, an opera by him called "Il Vascello l'Occidente," was produced at the Fondo theatre at Naples. This was followed in rapid succession by a vast number of operas, which were produced, some at Naples, some at Rome, some at Venice, but the greater number in Paris. The success of these operas was varied, but on the whole good, especially in France. He has also written other descriptions of music, such as overtures, a mass, a requiem, a Stabat Mater, several orchestral and pianoforte pieces, &c. He is a member of the Institut des Beaux Arts, is principal of the Gymnase Militaire, which latter appointment gives him a large influence in regulating the adoption of new military music. CARDAN, Jerome, kawr'-dan, a celebrated Italian physician, who, in 1552, went to Scotland, and cured the archbishop of St. Andrews of an asthma which had baffled the skill of numerous physicians. He was next admitted to the court of Edward VI., and cast the nativity of that prince. Thence he rambled through various countries, and at Bologna was committed to prison. On recovering his liberty he went to Rome, where he ended his days. B. at Pavia, 1501; D. at Rome, 1576.-As a physician he was empirical, and in philosophy fanciful and extravagant, but in mathematical knowledge he was eminent. He was so addicted to astrology, that, having foretold the time of his own death, it is said he starved himself to prove the truth of his prediction. His works were printed at Lyons in 1663, in 10 vols, folio. CARA-MUSTAPHA, ka-ra-moos-ta'-fa, a Tur CARAUSIUS, kar-a'-se-us, a Roman captain, a native of Belgie Gaul, whom Maximian employed to defend the coasts of Gaul against the piratical Franks and Saxons. Here he acquired so much wealth by his prizes, as to excite the jes lousy of the emperor. Carausius, foreseeing the results of this, sailed for Britain, where, in 256, he caused himself to be proclaimed emperor by the Roman legions. He now maintained a formidable fleet, and was enabled to resist all attempts to expel him, the Romans being obliged to acknowledge his independence in a treaty. Assassinated by Allectus, one of his principal officers, 294. CARAVAGGIO, Polidoro da, kawr-a-vaď'-je-o, na eminent painter, born at Caravaggio in 1495, but whose family name was Caldara, was craployed as a labourer in the Vatican at Rome, when Raffaelle was painting the loggia and stanze there, and, from watching the progres of the work, imbibed a love for painting, which being observed by one of the assistants named Maturino, he gave Polidoro lessons in drawing, of which he profited in so remarkable a mann as to soon attract the attention of Raffaelle, who encouraged him and gave him work to execute. Maturino and his former pupil worked for several years together, till the sack of Rome by Bourbon in 1527, compelled them to flee, and Polidoro went first to Naples and afterwards to Messina, where he painted a number of altar pieces and other works. Having amassed a considerable fortune, he was preparing to retur to Rome, in 1543, when he was murdered, atte instigation of his servant, on the night previous to his intended departure, for the sake of the money he had provided for the journey. Th wretch's crime was afterwards discovered, an he was put to death after having been crully tortured. CARAVAGGIO, Michael Angelo da, by which name Michael Angelo Merigi is usually calle, was originally a mason's labourer, but s ceeded in establishing himself in Milan and Venice as a portrait-painter, and also executed some historical pictures. He then went to Rome, where he was at first employed by the Cavaliere d'Arpino in painting the access, ris of his pictures; but after a time Michael Angelo succeeded in obtaining an indepsadent position, and speedily acquired great fame in Rome. His reputation, however, was not list ing: his style was more distinguished for force and novelty than for true artistic properti he was idle, capricious, ostentations, and of an irritable and domineering temper. The re was that his fall was as sudden as his rise had been rapid. Having killed a person with what he had a dispute while playing tennis, he had to Cardigan flee to Naples, then to Malta, where a fresh quarrel caused him to be put into prison. He made his escape, however, and wandered about from place to place till, falling sick at Porto Ercole, he died after a few days' illness, in 1609, aged forty years only. n. at Caravaggio, in the Milanese, in 1569. He revolutionized art for a time, and founded a new school, the adherents of which were called "Naturalisti," from their rendering everything set before them with rigid exactness, and without the smallest admixture of idealism-a rule which has in some measure been again revived by the pre-Raffaelites of the present day. CARDIGAN, James Thomas Brudenell, earl of, kar-di-gan, entered the army in his 27th year, and in 1530 became a lieutenant-colonel of hussars. The death of his father brought him into possession of a large fortune, and he devoted a considerable sum to the service of his regiment. In 1841 he was tried and acquitted by the House of Lords for having fought a duel, in which he had wounded his adversary. In 1854 he commanded the 11th hussars, and, in the same year, was appointed a major-general of the light cavalry despatched to serve in the Crimea. On the 25th October he led the celebrated charge at Balaclava against upwards of 5000 Russian cavalry. In 1855 he was created a K.C.B. for his services, and, shortly afterwards, a commander of the Legion of Honour, by Napoleon 111. He was inspector-general of cavalry in the British army from 1855 to 1860. B. 1797; D. 1569. CALDWELL, the Rt. Hon. Edward, kard' wel, a talented English statesman, who took a double first-class at Oxford in 1835, and was called to the bar in 1838. In the year 1942 he was elected member for Clitheroe, and in 1847 and 1553 represented Liverpool and Oxford successively. His principles attaching him to the policy of Sir Robert Peel, he held the office of, Secretary to the Treasury in 1945-46. Under the administration of Lord John Russell, 1852, he was president of the Board of Trade, which he resigned on the accession of the ministry of Lord Palmerston, in 1865. In 1852 he was made a privy councillor, and, under the administration of Lord Palmerston, in 1859, was appointed secretary for Ireland, which office he exchanged in 1861 for that of Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. This he retained till 1864, when he became Secretary of State for the colonies, holding the same office under Earl Russell until the fall of his ministry in 1866. In December, 1868, he again accepted office under Mr. Gladstone, taking the post of Secretary of War. B. 113. CARINE, Marie Antoine, ka-raim, a cele brated French cook, who, abandoned by his parents when quite a child, filled the commonest situations in the kitchen. By his study and labour, however, he raised the culinary art almost to a science, and made his name celebrated at all the courts of Europe. He wrote several works, in which he laid down the principles of his art. The chief of these is The Art of Cookery in the 19th Century." B. at Paris, 1784; D. 1833. CAREW, George, ka-roo', a learned English nobleman, who entered upon a military life, and served with reputation in Ireland and at Cadiz. James I. made him governor of Guernser, and created him Lord Carew of Clopton. He afterwards became master-general of the ordnance, and a privy councillor. Charles I. B. in Devonshire, created him earl of Totnes. Carey 1557; D. 1629.-He wrote a "History of the Wars in Ireland," printed in 1633, folio. CAREW, Thomas, an English poet, educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was ap pointed gentleman of the privy chamber, and sewer (taster) in ordinary to Charles I. B. in Gloucestershire, 1589; p. 1639, His masque entitled "Calum Britannicum" was performad before the king and nobility at Whitehall, 1643; and the beautiful airiness of his effusions places him equal, if not superior, to Walier. CAREW, Richard, an English topographer, known by his "Survey of Cornwall," printed first in 1602, 4to, again in 1723, and lastly in 1769. Of this county he was, in 15s8, arp inted high sheriff. B. at Anthony, Cornwall, 1555; D. 1620. CABEW, Barny fylde Moore, "king of the begars," an Englishman of roving habits, was th son of a clergyınana. He became coquated with some gipsies located in the nighbourhood of his native town, and was so La Gnated by the romantic carele sness of their mode of life, that he abandoned his friends and Linked himself to the fortunes of this strange people. The exploit a into which his adoption of their wandering h bits led him, have been related with a kind of incredible wonder. He would impose upon th same company three or four times a day under different disguises, and with new tales of dis tress. Sometimes he was a distressed clergyman, ruined because he could not take the oaths; at others, a Quaker, who hal met with severe losses in trade. Now a shipwrecked mariner; and the same day, a black mith, whose house and family had perished by fire. Proteas would hardly seem to have been a greater adept in the variety of his changes, and he had a method of enticing away people's dogs, for which he was twice transported from Exeter to America, but made his escape. On one of these occasions he travelled from Virginia through the woods, and swam across the Delaware upon a horse, with only a handkerchief for a bridle. He was a man of strong memory and pleasing address, and could assume the manners of a gentleman with as much ease as those of any other character. The fraternity to which he belonged elected him their king; and he remained faithful to them to the last. B. at Bickley, Devonshire, 1693; D. about 1770. CAREY, Henry, kair'-e, an eminent English musician, who wrote and composed several excellent songs, pastorals, &c., mestly of a comie character, the best of which is "Sally in our Alley." He was likewise the author of a number of farces, some poems, &c.; and a claim was set up by his son that he had composed the national anthem. This pretension, however, was absurd, as the anthem is known to be a much older pro duction. D. suddenly, October 4, 1743; some say he committed suicide, but this is doubtful, as the newspapers of the time make no mention of the fact, although they record the suddenness of his death.-His son, George Saville Carey, inherited a considerable share of his father's talent, and had an intense passion for the stage, on which, however, he was not successful. He wrote and delivered lectures, and was the author of some farces, sketches, &c. He was by profes sion a printer: but his restless and unsettled disposition prevented his succeeding in business; he was always in difficulties, and died in poverty in 1807, aged 64, having been born on the day his father died. A daughter of G. S. Carey was the Carey mother of the celebrated tragedian, Edmund Kean. Carli 1775, he had full scope for the display of his abilities. The American congress resolved on CAREY, William, a distinguished English ori- the invasion of Canada, on which service they entalist, who, in 1793, went to India for the sent General Montgomery, who pushed the war purpose of disseminating the principles of Chris- with such vigour, that he captured the fort of tianity. His labours were originally mostly con- St. John's, compelled Carleton to evacuate Monfined to Bengal, and, in 1801, he became pro-treal, and proceeded to invest Quebec. Here fessor of Sanscrit in Calcutta. He acquired a Sir Guy determined to make a stand, and on great facility in many of the eastern dialects, being summoned by Montgomery and Arnold to and published of them several grammars and surrender, treating the demand with contempt, dictionaries, which have been the means of refusing to hold any communication whatever greatly extending the knowledge of the Oriental with the so-called rebels. The American leaders languages. B. at Paulersbury, Northampton-made an attempt to take Quebec by assault, but shire, 1761; D. at Serampore, 1834. failed in the attempt. Montgomery was killed, CAREY, Alice, an American authoress, who and Arnold was under the necessity of abandonhas acquired a wide popularity by her contribu-ing the siege. Carleton was now, from having tions to light literature. In 1850, in conjunc- received reinforcements from Europe, in a posi tion with her sister, she published a volume of tion to act on the offensive, and pushed on to poems, which were much admired, and in the Lake Champlain, when a naval engagement following year appeared her romance of "Clover- took place on the 11th of October, which, nook," which immediately brought her promi- although not decisive, induced Arnold to retreat nently into notice. Her next work was "Hagar," to Crown Point, where he was overtaken by which was followed by several other perform- Carleton, defeated, and forced to evacuate Caances, by no means inferior to their predeces- nada. General Carleton was made a knight of sors. B. near Cincinnati, in Ohio, 1822.-Her the Bath in July, 1776, and in the following year sister Phoebe is believed to be joint-authoress of had organized an expedition to co-operate with Beveral of Miss Carey's works. the principal British force advancing from New York; but the chief command having been con ferred on General Burgoyne, Sir Guy resigned in disgust, and after aiding Burgoyne to take the field in an efficient manner, returned to England. In August, 1777, he was made lieut.-general, and in 1781 succeeded Sir Henry Clinton as commander-in-chief in America, which position he held to the conclusion of the war, and superintended the final evacuation of New York in 1783. He was once more appointed governor of the British North American colonies in 1786; and was next year raised to the peerage by the title of Lord Dorchester. After continuing in America for several years, ably discharging the duties of his extensive governorship, he finally returned to England, and died in 1808; his grandson succeeding to his titles and estates. CARISSIMI, Jacques, kaw-rees'-se-me, a clever Italian composer, who, at the beginning of the 17th century, effected a great reformation in the modern music of Italy. In 1649 he was appointed master of the pontifical chapel, and introduced into the church instrumental accompaniments. He composed masses, oratorios, motets, and cantatas, of which the most remarkable are "Jephtha's Sacrifice" and "Solomon's Judgment." B. at Marino, near Rome, about 1601; D. 1674. CARLEN, Emilie, kar-len', a Swedish novelist, whose works have procured for her both an English and an American reputation. She is the authoress of a great many novels, most of them, if not all, illustrative of Swedish scenery and character. Her best known in England is "The Rose of Tistelön," which appeared in an English dress in 1844, and which has been followed by several other performances in the same manner, and with various success. The rapidity with which her productions have succeeded each other has, by some, been considered to have a damaging effect on her reputation; but to this opinion we demur. Even a bare enumeration of the titles of her performances, however, would occupy a considerable space. B. at Strömstad, Bohusland, 1807. CARLETON, Sir Guy, karl'-ton, a British general, who distinguished himself during the American war of independence as commander of the British troops in Canada, was sprung from an ancient family in the north of England, which afterwards removed to Ireland, and was born at Strabane, Tyrone, in 1721. He entered the Guards as a subaltern, and continued in that corps till 1749, when he obtained the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 72nd Regiment; and, in 1758, accompanied General Amherst to America, and distinguished himself at the siege of Quebec in the following year. He acted as brigadier-general at the siege of Bellisle, where he was wounded; in 1762 he attained the rank of colonel in the army, and was present at the siege of the Moro Castle, Havannah, soon after, when he was again wounded, He attained the rank of major-general in 1772, and in the succeeding year was named governor f Quebec. When the American war broke out in CARLETON, William, an Irish romance-writer of considerable genius and power. The first work which fixed the attention of the public upon him was his "Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry," which was published in 1832, and received by the general public with great favour. This was followed by several other works, which fully sustained the reputa tion he had already received, as one of the happiest delineators of Irish character. In 1840 appeared his "Fawn of Spring Vale;" in 1845," Valentine M'Clutchy;" and in 1847, the "Black Prophet," in which some of the appalling features connected with the famine of 1846 are graphically depicted. These were fol lowed by "Rody the Rover," the "Tithe Proc tor," "The Clarionet," and " Willy Reilly," which came out in 1855. For his services to the national literature, Mr. Carleton enjoys a pension from government. B. at Clogher, in Tyrone, 1793. CARLI, Gian Rinaldo, kawr-le, an Italian, who, when 24 years of age, was appointed to a new professorial chair of astronomy and navigation in Padua. He subsequently was made president of the new council of commerce at Milan. In 1769 he became the privy councillor of Joseph 11., and induced that sovereign to abolish the tribunal of the Inquisition, which had existed in Milan for centuries. B. at Capo d'Istria, 1720; p. 1795Carli wrote many works on archeology and priest, who was accused of conspiring against the king, and had his eyes put out, D.about 276, other subjects; among which we may mention full possession-The second was the son of his "History of the Coins and Currency," and Louis II, whom he succeeded in 879, in conon "The Institution of the Mint of Italy." junction with his brother Louis III. On the CARLINGFORD, Theobald Taafe, earl of, kar- death of the latter he was declared sole king of hsg-ford, took an active share in the affairs of France, and was killed while hunting, by a wll Ireland during the civil war, was proscribed by boar, in 891-The third Carloman was the Cromwell, but afterwards reinstated at the Re-fourth son of Charles the Baid, a turbulent storation, and in June, 1662, was created earl of Carlingford, with a grant of £4000 a year. D. 1677. CARLISLE, Sir Anthony, kar-lile, an eminent surgeon, who, after finishing his studies in York, where, for some time, he had received instructions from Mr. Green, the founder of the hospital in that city, went to London, and, in 1793, was appointed surgeon to Westminster Hospital. He now rose rapidly in his profession, and became surgeon extraordinary to George IV. when Prince Regent, who knighted him on the first levée he held after his accession to the throne. In 1509 he became professor of anatomy in the Royal Academy, an appointment which he held for sixteen years. His contributions to medical literature were varied and extensive. He was the first to point out the fact that water might be decomposed by the galvanic battery. B. near Durham, 1769; D. in London, 1840. CARLOS, Don, kur -tos, soa of Philip II, king of Spain, was deformed in his persen, and so perverse in his temper, that he endeavoured to kill his tutor for gently reproving him. A match was negotiated between him and the Princess Elizabeth of France, but Pháp, be coraing a widower, married her hinscit. He was then desirous of marrying his cousin, Anne of Austria; but being crossed by his father, he endeavoured to excite discontent among the nobles. For this he was arrested, and condemned to death. Shortly afterwards he was found dead in prison, not without suspicions of | violence. B. 1515; D. 1569. CARLOS, Don, Count de Molina, was the second son of Charles IV. of Spain. He was eiucated by Catholic priests, and was little heard of until the accession of his brother, Ferdinand VII., when he was sent to meet B. naparte, who had announced his intention of paying a visit to the Spanish sovereign in his own dominions. Don Carlos, however, was made a prisoner, and his brother Ferdinand was soon compelled to abdicate all claims to the Spanish kingdom, in favour of his ally, the emperor of the French. Both the brothers were kept pri soners till 1912, when they were restored to liberty, and Ferdinand once more asecnded the Spanish throne. Don Carlos now plotted, in een CARLISLE, Frederick Howard, fifth earl of, distinguished both as a statesman and a poct, was lord-lieutenant of Ireland, having been appointed to that office in 1780, and was for several years a leader, both in the debates and in gay and fashionable life. He was one of Lord Byron's guardians, and his poetical reputation suffered severely from the onslaught made upon him in the "English Bards and Betch Reviewers," for which, however, Byron male an atonement in the fourth canto of "Childe Harold." Lord Carlisle, besides fugi-junction with the absolutist party, against his tive picces, was author of two tragedies, "The Father's Revenge," and "Bellamere." He was bora in 1749; and died in 1826. brother, and in 1825 shared in an insurrectionary movement in Catalonia. In 1830 a daughter, Isabella, was born to Ferdinand, and she was CARLISLE, George William Frederick Howard, declared heir to the throne of Spain by the earl of, formerly well known as Viscount Mor- Cortes, which set aside the Saic law in her fapeth, was born in 1902. After being engaged vour. In 1833, however, this law was restored by in the public service in the diplomatic branch Ferdinand, when so ill as to be in expectation of for some years, he was chosen to represent death, and from an apprehension of the evils Yorkshire in Parliament, was Irish secretary which would arise to his people from the exdafor several years, then chief commissioner of sion of Don Carlos from the throne. He, however, woods and forests, and in 1859 was appointed recovered, when the evidences that were to secure lord-lieutenant of Ireland, where he enjoyed a the succession of Don Carlos were destroyed, high degree of personal popularity. He was a and Isabella, on the death of her father, as cultivated and refined gentleman, had an honor-cended the throne. A civil war now commenced alde reputation as a scholar, a man of letters, a between the Carlists and the adherents of Isatraveller, and, as an orator, took a leading and bella. For five years the country was desolved respectable part in the debates in the House of by the most savage crueltics that ever marked Commons while a member of that assembly. the progress of a civil conflict. It terminated The Carlisle family is a branch of the old and in favour of Isabella, and, in 1839, Don Carlos honourable race who for many centuries have took refuge in France. In 1815 he formally rebeen earls and dukes of Norfolk. D. 1861. linquished his claim to the crown, and in 1847 went to live at Trieste, where he spent the remainder of his days. B. 17-8; D. 1535. CARLOMAN, kar-lo-man, the eldest son of Charles Martel, whom he succeeded as king of Austrasia in 741. He and his brother Pepin CARLYLE, Alexander, D.D., kar'-lile, a wellnaited in defending their dominions against the known Scottish clergyman of the established encroachments of their neighbours, and de- church, in the polities of which he espoused the feated the Germans in 713. Carloman then views of the moderate party, of which he was entered Saxony, took its duke prisoner, and long a leader. He was minister of Inveresk, after several successful expeditions, became a near Edinburgh; and was distinguished for his monk of the order of St. Benedict. He assem- singularly imposing personal appearance, has bled a famous council in 712, the acts of which resemblance to the Jupiter Toans in the capi bear his name. Lived in the 8th century-tol at Rome having procured him the title of There were three others of the same name; the first was the younger brother of Charlemagne, with whom he had some contention about the kingdom, but, on his death, in 771, left him in Jupiter Carlyle." He left a volume of Memoirs of his Own Time" in MS., which has recently been published, and is extremely interesting. B. 1721; D. 1995. Carrera and painted some fine pieces in fresco at Rome. B. 1583; D. 1618. Carte CAREERA, Rafael, kar-re-ra, a person who, born of mean parents in the city of Guatemala, passed his early life as a cattle-driver and drum-in 1619. During the latter portion of the reign mer-boy; but, in 1837, headed an insurrection against the government, and after a struggle of several years succeeded in creating Guatemala into an independent republic, of which he was twice elected president. Carrera is a wonderful man, considering the disadvantages under which he has had to labour in his career,tain, and especially of Scotland, employed him and has shown singular activity, tact, and ability. After being associated with all sorts of politicians, he settled down into moderate and conservative opinions; and has done great service to his country. B. 1814. CARREL, Armand Nicholas, kar-rail, the principal editor of the French "National" newspaper, and a distinguished political writer. Opposed alike to the extremities of absolutism in royalty or democracy, he attained a high position as a French journalist; but, being led into a quarrel with Emile de Girardin, editor of the "Presse," a fatal duel was the consequence. B. at Rouen, 1800; D. of a pistol shot at St. Mandé, 1936. the hands of James II. to those of the prince of Orange. He was the son of the Rev. John Carstares, minister of the High Church, Glas gow, and was born at Catheart, near that city, of Charles II. William Carstares resided in Holland, studying at Utrecht. Becoming ac quainted with the pensionary Fagel, he was by him introduced to the prince of Orange, who, finding him able, intelligent, self-reliant, and well acquainted with the political state of Bri in the communications which ultimately led to his being invited to the throne. Carstares was in the secrets of the Argyle and Monmouth parties, was suspected, apprehended in Kent, and sent to Scotland, where torture was applied in order to obtain information, but without effect. His sufferings at this time induced him, at a subsequent period, to take an active part in abolishing the use of torture in legal proceed ings in Scotland. Returning to Holland, he was well received by William, and on that prince ascending the English throne, Carstares was entrusted with a large share in the govern ment of Scotland, and was mainly instrumental CARRIER, John Baptist, kar'-re-ai, one of the in effecting a reconciliation between the king and most ferocious of the French revolutionists, the Scottish Presbyterians, whose pertinacious who became deputy of the department of Can-adherence to the principle of spiritual independ tal, in the national convention. In 1793 he ence had caused a breach with the sovereign. was despatched on a mission to the departments The political divine was popularly known as in the west, where the civil war was raging."Cardinal Carstares," and was courted and The cruelties of Carrier at Nantes recalled to caressed by the needy nobles and gentlemen mind the times of Nero. He caused to be con- who had a few years before applied the "thumb structed covered barges, in which he sunk 100 screw" to him in the council-chamber at Holy persons at once. He also invented those horri-rood. Even after William's death, the talents ble executions which went by the name of "republican marriages," and which consisted in fastening together, by the neck, a man and woman, who were then thrown into the Loire. By his means 15,000 individuals are said to have perished, and the water of the Loire was so polfuted with dead bodies, that it was prohibited to be drunk. On the fall of the party called CARSTENS, Asmus Jacob, kars'-tens, a Danish the Mountain, he was tried before the revolu- painter, was the son of a miller, and had his tionary tribunal, which condemned him to the mother for his first instructor in drawing. In scaffold. B. at Aurillac, 1756; guillotined 1794. 1789 he went to Berlin, where he was named CARRIERA, Rosa Alba, kawr'-re-air-a, known professor of drawing, and in 1793 to Rome, also as ROSALBA, an Italian female painter, who where he died in 1798. B. near Schleswig, learnt the rudiments of the art from her father. 1754. Amongst his best paintings are "The She was afterwards placed under an eminent Death of Achilles" and the Fall of the artist, and her progress was so great that her Angels." full-length portraits became famous throughout | Italy. She went to Paris, and in 1720 was admitted a member of the Academy of Painting. After executing portraits of the royal family of France, she proceeded to Vienna, where she received distinguished honours. B. at Venice, 1672; D. blind, 1757. Her miniatures are very highly esteemed. and experience of Carstares secured him a large share of influence in Scottish affairs. He was chosen principal of the University of Edinburgh in 1701; and died in 1715, leaving behind him the reputation of having been one of the most sagacious, able, and bold politicians of the age. CARTE, Thomas, kart, an English historian, who entered the church, and published a de fence of Charles I., in the matter of the Irish massacre. On the accession of George I. he refused the oaths, but afterwards became secretary to Bishop Atterbury. When that pre late was committed to the Tower, a reward of £1000 was offered for apprehending Carte, wh CARRIERES, Francis de, kawr'-rc-air-ai a escaped to France, where he remained till French Franciscan friar, born in Provence in the Queen Caroline obtained permission for him to early part of the 17th century, who wrote a Com-return to England. In 1736 he published his mentary on the Bible in Latin, and a "Chrono-"Life of James, Duke of Ormond," in 3 ro logical History of the Popes of Rome." folio. Soon after this, he issued proposals for CARRINGTON, Noel Thomas, kar-ring-ton, an a History of England. He met with great en English poet, formerly an apprentice in the dock-couragement, and this work, completed in four yard at Devonport. His principal poems are, volumes, has been highly praised. His MSS. The Banks of the Tamar," and "Dartmoor.' are in the Bodleian library. Besides those men B. at Plymouth, 1777; D. at Bath, 1830. tioned, he published a "Collection of Original CARSTARES, William, kar-stairs, a Scottish Letters and Papers relating to the Affa ecclesiastic, who devoted himself much more to England," in 2 vols. 8vo; a "History secular than to religious affairs, having taken Revolutions of Portugal," and some an active part in all the intrigues connected pieces. B. at Clifton, Warwickshire, 168 with the tran. for of the English crown from 1751, " rs of the ther D. |