Elianus

ELIANUS, Mecius, a physician of whom Galen speaks with great praise. He was the first who used a compound similar to Venice treacle as a preventive against the plague. ELIUS, e-le-us. There were several Romans of this name, the most remarkable of whom is Q. EL Patus, son of Sextus, or Publius. As he sat in the senate-house, a woodpecker perched on his head: upon which a soothsayer ex- | elaimed, that if he preserved the bird, his house would fourish, and Rome deray; and if he killed it, the contrary must happen. Hearing this, Ælius, in the presence of the senate, bit off, the head of the bird. All the youths of his family were killed at Canne, and the Roman arms were soon attended with success.

ELIUS, Saturnius, a Roman satirist, thrown from the Tarpeian Rock for writing verses against Tiberius.

ELIrs, Sextus Catus, censor with M. Cethe gus. He separated the senators from the people in the public spectacles. During his consulslip, the ambassadors of the Etolians found him feasting off earthen dishes, and offered him silver vessels, which he refused, satished with the others, which for his virtues he had received, from his father-in-law, Paulus, after the conquest of Macedonia.

ALies, Spartianus, author of the lives of the emperors Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. He flourished in the first half of the, 3rd century, A.D.

ELST, Everhard, van, eelst, a Dutch painter, famous for his dead-game and fruit pieces. B. at Delft, 1602; D. 1658.

, William van, called by the Italians Guilm, was the nephew and pupil of the abore, but was more famous than his instractor. His pencil was so light and elegant that his productions seem to be real. He followed his profession for some years in France and Italy, and then returned to Holland, where his pictures were in great request. B. at Delft in 1620; D. 1679.

i

Eneas

the history of the kings of France, which he did not live to finish. It was, however, continued by Arnold Féren, and published in 1676. B. at Verona; D. at Paris, 1529,

ENEAS, e-né-a, a Trojan prince, and, necording to Greek fable, the son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The care of his infancy was intrusted to a nymph; but at the age of five he was recalled to Troy, and played under the inspection of Alcathous, the friend and companion of his father. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly, under Chiron, whose house was frequented by all the young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after hus return home, he married Creusa, Priam's daughter, by whom he had a son, called As anius. During the Trojan war he behaved with great valour in defence of his country, and encountered Diomedes and Achilles. Yet he is accused, with Antenor, of betraying his country to the Greeks, and of preserving his life and fortune by this treacherous measure. He lived at variance with Priam, on account of not receiving suffi ient marks of distin: tion from the king and his family, a circumstance which might have provoked him to seek revenze by perfidy. When Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his shoulders his father An hises and the statues of his household gods, leading his son Ascanius by his hand, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say that he retired to Mount Ida, where he built a fleet of twenty ships, and set sail in quest of a setti-ment. Strabo, on the contrary, says that Æneas never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he reigned, and his posterity after him. Even Homer, who Eved four hundred years after the Trojan war, says that the gods destined Encas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans. According to Virgil and other Latin authors, he was sailing from Sicily to Italy, when he landed in Epirus, and, driven on the coasts of Africa, was received by Dido, queen of Carthage, to whom, on his first interview, he gave one of the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido being enamoured of him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage, and after a voyage of seven years, and the loss of thirteen ships, arrived in the Tiber. Latinus, the king of the country, received him with hospitality, and promised him his daughter Lavinia, who had been before be

EMILIANI Jerome, e-mile-a-ne, a Venetian of a noble family, and one of the founders of the regular clerks of St. Maieul, in the 16th century. EMILIANUS, C. Julius, e-mil-e-ai-nus, a Moor, who, from the lowest station, rose to be emperor of Rome. He reigned only four months, when he was killed, in his forty-sixth year, by his own soldiers, who then offered the crown to Vale-trothed to King Turnus by her mother Amata. rian. D. 253.

EMILIUS, Paulus, e-mil-e-us, a Roman general, who was of noble family, and passed through several civil offices with reputation, until he obtained a military command, in which he acquired great glory. At the age of 46 he held the office of consul; and at 60 accepted the command of the armies against Perseus, king of Macedon, whom he made prisoner, leading him and the king of Illyria, his ally, in triumph through Italy. On his arrival at Rome, he obtained a magnificent triumph, in which Perseus and his family, as captives, led the procession, He afterwards served the office of censor. B. 228 B.C.; D. universally regretted, 160, B.c.

EMILIES, Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invented new means of torture. Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and the tyrant made the first experiments upon the dunor.

AMILIUS, Paulus, a canon in the cathedral of Paris, who was employed thirty years in writing

To prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against Eneas; and after many battles, it was terminated by a combat between the two rivals, in which Turnus was killed. Eneas married Lavinia, in whose honour he built the town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in-law. His reign was but of short duration, various ac counts being given of the cause of his death.Encas has been praised for his piety and submission to the will of Heaven. The story of the loves of Dido and Eneas is allowed to be a mere poetical ornament, introduced by a violent ana hronism. (See the "Iliad" of Homer, and the "Eneid" of Virgil.)

ENEAS, Gazeus, a disciple of the doctrines of Plato, who, becoming a convert to Christianity, wrote a dialogue on the Immortality of the Soul and the Resurrection of the Body. Flourished in the 5th century.-His dialogue was printed in Greek and Latin, at Basle, 1560, and at Leipsic

Eneas verse, and compiled, in five books, a history of Irish saints. D. about 820.

ENEAS, Tacticus, a Greek author, who wrote on the art of war. Flourished about 336 B.C.His work was prefixed by Casaubon to his edition of Polybius, Paris, 1609, and reprinted at Leyden in 1633.

EPINUS, John, e-pi-nus, a Franciscan friar, a fellow-labourer with Luther and Melancthon in the great cause of the Reformation. He became a convert to Lutheranism, and pastor of St. Peter's church, Hamburg. B. 1499; D. 1553. EPINUS, Francis Maria Ulric Theodore, a distinguished electrician, who was the first to see the affinity between magnetism and electricity in its full extent, and to perceive how these may illustrate each other. Ile is also the inventor of the condenser of electricity and of the electropus. He published several memoirs relating to philosophical subjects, and seems to have devoted a considerable portion of his time to mechanical pursuits. B. at Rostock, Lower Saxony, 1721; D. at Dorpat, in Livonia, 1802.

AELIUS, ai-e-re-u8, an Asiatic presbyter, who, from being a follower of Arius (the founder of Arianism), advocated the notion that there was no distinction between bishops and presbyters, and procured many followers, who were named Arians. Flourished at Sebastia, Pontus, in the 4th century.

AERSCHOT, aar'-shot, a noble of the Netherlands, celebrated in the struggle of the Dutch Republic against Philip of Spain. He refused to join the league that was formed against Cardinal Granvelle (archbishop of Mechlin), the governor of the Netherlands. He was governor of Antwerp, and subsequently of Flanders; but the treachery of his disposition made him no favourite with the people, who took him prisoner and confined him at Ghent for a long period. Lived in the middle of the 16th century.

AERTS, Richard, aarts, a Dutch painter of sacred subjects chiefly. When a boy, he lost one of his legs, and while suffering from this deprivation, he amused himself with drawing in chalk. He afterwards was placed with a master, and attained to some eminence. B. at Wyck, 1482; D. at Antwerp, 1577.

Esopus

ESCHRION, e-skre-on, a poet of Mitylene, intimate with Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.-Another Iambic poet of Samos.

ESCHYLUS, e-ski-lus, the father of the Athenian drama. He was in the sea-fight at Salamis, and received a wound on the plains of Marathon. His most solid fame, however, rests on his powers as a tragic poet. Of ninety tra gedies produced by him, forty were rewarded with the public prize, but only seven have come down to us. He was the first to introduce two actors on the stage, and to clothe them with dresses suitable to their character. He likewise removed murder from the sight of the audience. He decorated the theatre with the best paintings of the time, and on the ancient, as is done on the modern stage, exhibited temples, sepulchres, armies, fleets, flying cars, and apparitions. He mounted the actors on stilts, and gave them masks to augment the natural sounds of their voices. The priests accused him before the Areopagus of bringing upon the stage the mys teries of religion; but the wounds he had received at Marathon pleaded his cause and ob tained his acquittal. B. at Athens, 525 B.C.; D. in Sicily, in his 69th year.-It is fabled that an eagle mistaking his bald head for a stone, as he slept in a field, dropped upon it a tortoise, which instantly killed him. Ifis imagination was strong but wild, vast in its conceptions, but dealing largely in improbabilities. The obscurity of his style is admitted, and an excellent modern critic has pronounced him the most difficult of all the Greek classics.

ESCULAPIUS, e-sku-lai-pe-us, was the father of medicine. He was taught the healing art by Chiron, and became physician to the Argonauts. Esculapius received divine honours after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, &c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs, were sacrificed to him, and the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Esenlapius is represented with a large beard, holding a staff round which a serpent is wreathed. He married Epione, by whom he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, and four daughters, of whom Hygeia, worshipped as the goddess of health, was one. Some have supposed that he

ERSEN, Peter, ar-sen, a Dutch painter, sur-lived a short time after the Trojan war. named Longo. B. at Amsterdain, 1519; D. 1575.

t.SCHINES, e'-ski-nees, a disciple of Socrates and the son of a sausage-maker. He went to the court of Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily, and afterwards maintained himself by teaching philosophy at Athens. His dialogues so closely resemble those of Socrates, that Menedemus charges him with having stolen them from that philosopher. Flourished B.c. 350. Only three of his dialogues are extant; of which Le Clerc published a Latin translation, with notes, in 1711.

ESCHINES, usually distinguished as "the Orator," was the contemporary and rival of Demosthenes. He was first a schoolmaster, then a clerk, then an actor, and finally a political orator. There are only three of his orations extant, which are exquisitely beautiful. B. at Athens, B.C. 393; D. at Samos, 317.-He was considered the founder of the Rhodian school of eloquence, and his style, though wanting in the close sententious severity of the Athenian school, is marked by great correctness and clearness of language.

Asor, e-sop, the fable writer, is usually held as the inventor of those short pieces of moral wisdom with which the readers of all ages, since his time, have been delighted. He is said to have been first bought as a slave by an Athe nian, from whom he learned the Greek language, and then passed successively into the service of Xanthus and Idmon, both of Samos. The latter gave him his freedom, on which he was retained by Crasus. The scenes and dates of his birth and death are both uncertain. He was contemporary, however, with Solon and Pisistratus; therefore flourished in the 6th cen tury, B.c. The only version in Greek of Esop's fables is the collection made by Babrius, an excellent edition of which was produced by Sir G. C. Lewis, in 1817.

Esor, the author of a romantic history of Alexander the Great, in Greek, which has been translated into Latin and German. The age in which he lived is unknown.

ESOPUS, Clodius, e-so-pus, a famous actor, who had the honour of instructing Cicero in oratory. He was a great epicure, and at an en tertainment is said to have had a dish of singing

birds which cost above £23). D. AFLITTO, Matthew, fid-do, a distinguished £160,000, about 60 m.c.-H's son was a lawyer of Italy. n. at Na; ex; p. 1673.—ile ngel for his luxuriensuss; and Horage saya¦ that he swallowed a pearl of great value dissolved in viberar.

Eranics, e-the-re-u, an archite t of Constantinople, who is suppose to have built the wall which runs from the sea to Sclimbria, to keep eat the Bulgarians and 5 ythians. Lived in the 6th century.

wrót: several works on Nejstan law,

AFFO, Irenaus, offa, w Ita historical Luthor. B. in the Dồ ly of Placenta, D. about the end of the 1h entury-lev best known by his History of Parca, whi h, niti ugh com. pocel in a very incall rent styl has value on account of its general truthful **,

Artar, D. rás Anzarte, afe, a reach student Enos, é-skoon, a Greek painter, whore ple- at the seminary of st Sup, e, who rose to be tare of the nuptials of Alexander and Roxma, jarch) (shop of Paris. n. at leay, 1783; d. 1818. shown at the Olympic games, obtained for him-Afire fell whilst endeavouring to prevent the daughter of one of the judges in marriage, blobshed between the soldiery and Parisian although he was quite unknown. in on gents, Alloach provien ly warned by General Cavalgus of the danger to be apprehended from j *aring at an excited mob, he repledt, a “l 11: was of nail consejuone," and, pcciel by a man in a workman's dress, wifi ajrosi branih, as an emblem of pea e, in his hand, he went forth to stay the fary of the c batants Sore of the i rowd who Rädlám thought they were bɛtrived, and ho was soon sht cowa. When he fel, he was surrounded by many of the rat,nits, whɔo blated tie Girde M. Ve for the act, and on whom they vot 1 to aveng Lia. He however, ex ed, "No, no, my 1.1, blo 4 enough has bon shel; let me be the lat on this ovasien." He was based on the 7th of July, 1918, universally regretted by the pe ple.

AETIUS, a-e-she-us, a famous general in the reign of Valentinian 111, emperor of the West., He was brought up in the emperor's guards, and after the battle of Pollentia, in A.D.4.3, was delivered as a hostage to Alarie, and next to the Hane. On the death of Honorius, he took the side of the usurper John, for whose service he engaged an army of Huns. He was afterwards taken into favour by Valentinian, who gave him the title of count. Being jealous of the power of Boniface, governor of Africa, he secretly advised, his recall, and at the same time counseled the governor not to ob y the man late. This produced a revolt, resulting in an irruption of the Vandals into that province. The treachery of Aptius being discovered, a war could L.tween him and Boniface, in which the latter was slain. [ At's now appelled to the Huns, of whom he rei a large army, and returning, so greatly alarmed Placidia, the mother of Valentinian, that he put herself into his power. He defended the dining empire with great bravery, and expled Attila to retire beyond the Rhine, Stabel, 451, by Valentinian.-This crime was emitted under the conviction that Acts entertained a design upon the imperial throne. Arius, a bishop of Antio h, who, before entering into orders, was a physician, an I remark able for a contentious and septical spirit. He centen lel for a dissimilarity between the Father' and the Son, for which he was banished by Constatins, but recalled by Julian. Lived in the 4th century.

AFFRY, Louis Augustine Then, Count ď, affre, a statesman of switz rind, who attained the chief magistracy of his con day after Napoleon I. be are protector of the Hovctie Confederacy. He was a true patrist, and did all that he could to resist the power of the French; but finding his clits u Adit, be embraced the views of Napoleon, radove his assi tance in forming a new governn. at in a cordance with the theories of that e micror. n. at Fribarg, 1713; d. 1×10,

AIRANIA, aflae-a, the inventor of the bassoon. Ile flourishe I at Ferrara in the 16th century.

| AFRANIUS, a-fra-ne-rs, a Roman poct, who wrote scae Latin come 4, of which only a few fragments remain.-Flourished about 100 year, B.C.

Ancs, a physician of Mesopotamia, who wrote on the diseases of woteen, and other i AFRANIUS, a 80 tor of Rone, who was put works, which are extant in Greek. He is sup-to death by Nero for having written a satire posed to have been a Christian. Flourished in against him.

the 6th century.

AFRICANUS, Julius, ¿f-re-ex-uus, the author of a letter pronouncing the story of Susannah a forgery; and another, in which he reconciled St. Matthew and St. Luke's genealogies of our Saviour.-He also compiled a chronicle of events from the commencement of the world to the carly part of the 3rd century of the Christian

AFER, Domitius, af-fer, an ancient orator, who obtained the prætorship of Rome; but being disappointed of further promotion, he be came an informer against Claudia Pulchra, cousin of Agrippa, and by his abilities succeeded in gaining the favour of Tiberius. He wrote an inscription, which he affixed to a statue of Cali-era. Flourished in the 3rd century. gala, and which embodied the remark that he had been a second time consul at the age of twenty-two. This was meant for an encomium, but the emperor took it as a sarcasm, and made a violent speech in the senate against the author. Afer, instead of replying, supplicated pardon, saying that he feared less the power of the emperor than his eloquence, which flattery so pleased Caligula, that he raised him to the conEular dignity. B. at Nismes; D. at Rome, A.D. 59.-Quintilian mentions two books of his, on the subject of evidence.

AFESA, Peter, ai-fé-sa, a native of the Basilieata, Naples, who painted religious subjects in a good style. Lived in the 16th century.

AFRICANUS. (See SCIPIO, Publius Cornelius.) AFRICANUS, Sextus Cæcilius, a Roman jurist who flourished during the reign of the emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, and was voluminous and valuable writer on Roman law. His "Nine Books of Questions" are often quoted in the "Digest" of Justinian.

a

AGAO, ai-gag, a king of the Amalekites, who, on the Israelites coming out of Egypt, attacked them in the wilderness and slew all stragglers. He was hewn in pieces in Gilgal.

AGAMEMNON, g'-a-raem'-non, king of Mycena and Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthenes, the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of Atreus, which is wrong, upon the autho

Agathon

AGATHON, a dramatic poet, who flourished at Athens in the time of Pericles. D. about 401 B.C. Plato introduces him in hiswork called the "Banquet." The titles only, and a few fragments of his tragedies remain. He imitated Euripides in style. AGILIO, Joseph, aj-e-le-o, a native of Sorento, in Italy, who painted good landscapes, and was much employed by historical painters to fill up their backgrounds.

AGELICS, Anthony, dj-e-le-us, bishop of Acerno, in the kingdom of Naples, who wrote commentaries on some parts of the Old Testament. D. 1608.

AGELMOTO, dj-el-moth, an archbishop of Canterbury, and a favourite of King Canute. On the death of that monarch, he refused to crown his son Harold, alleging that the deceased king had commanded him to crown none but the issue of Queen Emma. It is uncertain whether Harold ever was crowned. D. 1035.He wrote some religious pieces.

Agnesi

AGGAS, Ralph, ag'-gis, an engraver and surveyor, who was the first to execute a plan of London, which was published for the first time in 1560, afterwards in 1618, and again in 1748, He also produced plans of Cambridge, Oxford, and Dunwich in Suffolk. D. about 159.

AGGAS, Robert, or more commonly called Angus, a painter of landscapes in the reign of Charles II. D. in London 1679,

AGIAS, aj-e-a, a famous Lacedæmonian soothsayer, who foretold to Lysander his future success at Agospotamos, and the destruction of the Athenian fleet.

AGILULP, aj-e-loolf, duke of Turin, chosen king of the Lombards in 591. He renounced Arianism, and embraced the Catholic faith, but while engaged in a war with some of the Italian princes, he perpetrated great ravages in the Ecclesiastical States. D. 619.

AGIS, a-je, king of Sparta, succeeded his father, Eurysthenes, and, after a reign of one AGENOR, -je-nor, king of Phoenicia, was bro-year, was succeeded by his son Echestratus, 1058 ther to Belus. He married Telephassa, called by some Agriope, by whom he had Cadmus, Phenix, Cilix, and Europa. As Carthage was built by his descendants, it is called Agenoris

urbs.

AGER, Nicholas, aj-air, a professor of medicine at Strasburg; distinguished as a botanist and physician. Lived in the 17th century.

ÁGESANDER, dj-e-sän'-der, a famous sculptor of Rhodes, who, in the time of Vespasian, made arepresentation of the death of Laocoon, which now passes for the best relic of all ancient ulpture. The Laocoon was discovered at Rome in 1506, and afterwards deposited in the Farnese palace, where it still remains.

AGISILAUS, dj-es'-e-lai-us, king of Sparta, of the family of the Agida, son of Doryssus, and father of Archelaus. During his reign, Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Reigned 850

Z.C.

B.C.

AGI II., king of Sparta, waged fierce wars with the Athenians, whom he compelled to restore freedom to several Greek cities which they had subjugated. He died shortly after a successful expedition to Elis. Reigned B.c. 427 to 397.

AGIS III, king of Sparta, the son of king Archidamus III." He stirred up several of the Grecian states against Alexander, and fell fighting against the Macedonians, 331 n.c.

AGIS, a poet of Argos, who attended Alexander in his Asiatic expedition, and rendered himself agreeable by the meanest adulation. He promised his patron immortality, and declared that Bacchus, Hercules, and the sons of Leda, would yield to his superior mcrits in the assem bly of the gods.

AGLAOPHON, 47-lai-o-fon. There are two Grecian painters distinguished in antiquity by this name, natives of the island of Thasos. Flourished about 500 years B.C.

AGLIONBY, John, ag'-le-on'-be, a divine, who was made chaplain to Queen Elizabeth, and in 1601 elected principal of Edmund Hall. He was concerned in the translation of the New Testament as at present used. n. in Cumber land, 1567; D. at Islip, of which he was rector, 1610.-There was another John Aglionby, who was dean of Canterbury, but died a few months after his nomination, 1613. He appears to have been the son of the preceding.

AGLIONBY, Edward, a poet of the reign of Elizabeth, from whom he received a pension for writing her pedigree.

AGNAN, OF ANIANUS, ag'-nan, a bishop of Orleans, who compelled Attila to raise the siege of that town. p. 453.

AGESILAUS, Son of Archidamus, of the family of the Proclida, elected king of Sparta over his nephew Leotychides. He made war against Artaxerxes, king of Persia, with success; but in the midst of his conquests he was called home to oppose the Athenians and Baotians, who were ravaging his country. The despatch which he made on this occasion was such, that in thirty days he passed over the same extent of country which occupied the army of Xerxes a whole year. He defeated his enemies at Coronea; but sickness prevented the progress of his conquests, and the Spartans were beaten in every engagement, especially at Leuctra, till he again appeared at their head. Though deformed, small of stature, and lame, he was brave, and possessed of a magnanimity which compensated for all his physical imperfections. In his 80th year he went to assist Tachus, king of Egypt, whose servants could hardly be per- AGNESI, Maria Gaetana, an-ye'-se, an illus suaded that the Lacedaemonian was a king, trious Italian lady, who by her application to when they beheld him eating with his soldiers mathematical learning, and her progress on the bare ground, and with no covering to his therein, so distinguished herself, that Popo head. D. on his return from Egypt, after a reign Benedict XIV. appointed her, in 1750, professor of 36 years, 362 B.C., and his remains were em- of mathematics in the university of Bologna, balmed and brought to Lacedæmon.-There Subsequently to this act of the pontiff, she took were others of this name, but of inferior note. the veil. B. at Milan, 1718; D. about 1799.-Her AGESIPOLIS I., -e-sip'-o-lis, king of Lace-"Analytical Institutions" were published at demon and son of Pausanias, and who obtained Milan in 1743. They were translated into a great victory over the Mantineans. He reigned French by M. Cousin, and published at Paris in fourteen years, and was succeeded by his bro- 1775, and have appeared in English in 2 vols., ther Cleombrotus, 380 B.C. with her life prefixed, taken from Montucla.

AGNELLUS, an-yail'-loos, an abbot of Ravenna, who wrote the lives of the bishops and archbishops of that city. Lived in the 9th century.