ABATI, Niccolo, a-ba-te, a fresco painter of some Arabic verses by her, on the sul„ect of her Modena, who assisted in decorating the palace, love for Gafar, -Lived in the th century, of Fontainebleau. His finest casel-piece in oil is in the Dresden Gallery, representing the martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul. B. 1512; D. 1571-There are several other painters of his Bame mentioned in Lanzi. ABATIA, Bernard, a-ba-te-a, an astrologer of Toulouse, who lived in the 16th century, and was famous in his day. ABATINI, Guido Ubaldo, a-ba-te-ne, an artist of the Ronian school, who became eminent as a painter of sacred subjects in fresco. Most of his works are at Rome. B. at Citta di Castello, 1609; p. at Rome, 1656. ABAUZIT, Firmin, a-bo-ze', a man of letters, who lost his father early, and was sent by his mother to Geneva, to prevent his being brought up in the Romish persuasion. For this she was efined in the castle of Somieres; and did not arrive at Geneva till two years after her son, Having finished his studies, he went to Holland and England, and in the latter country formed an intimacy with Sir Isaac Newton. King Witam wished him to settle there, but filial affection recalled him to Geneva, where he was admitted a citizen, and in 1730 published an improved edition of Spon's History of Geneva, B. &t Us 8, 1679; D. at Geneva, 1767. ABRADIE, James, a-ba-le, an eminent divine, who took the degree of D.D. at Sedan, and was afterwards made minister of the French church at Berin. In 1658 he accompanied Marshal Schonergto England with the Prince of Orange, and was with that great man when he fell at The battle of the Boyne. On his return to London, he was appointed minister of the French church in the Savoy; and not long after promoted to the deanery of Killaloe, in Ireland. B. at Nay, in Bearce, 1655; D. in London, 1727. ABBAS, Halli, or Magus, db-ba, one of the Mazi, and a physical author, who flourished in the 19th century. A treatise of his, entitled "The Royal Work," is still extant. ABBA HULL8, að ba-tool, king of the Pelew Islands. He allowed his sc d son, Prince Lee Boo, to visit Emslan i, where he die 1. When the king heard of the event, his conduct was marked by great remistin, at:1 he contested till his death the fri ni of Inglehnen, p. 1791. ABBATISSA, Patil, a bicilian pt, who bod about the year 1579, and wrote a tri tiou of the "Had "an 1 "Odyssey" in Latin verse. ABBATUCCI, Jacques Pierre, ub a tubiche, a Corsican, who, after serving under P.hored the French ariny, in with he served 1 th Louis XVI. and the Republic. Three of his sons died in the French wrs B. 1726; D 1×12. ABBATUCCI, Charles, son of the precedag, who entered the Freach ary about the time as Napoleon, rise to the r.rk of general, and fell in the Dutch camps n of 1796 in 1.71. ABBF, Louise, 655, a po tess of France, why flourished in the 16th century, and was sur named La Belle Corim, ere, the für ebbler. ABBIATI, Filippo, fale, an historical painter, was born at Milan in 161), and died in 1715. ASBON, de Fleury, al-bong, a 1 armed French abbot of the monastery of Ficu y. King Robert sent him to Rons to avert the wrath of Gregory V., who threaten to lay the kingd m under an interdict, and Abbon obtained ad that he asked. Killed in a quarrel between the French and the G ms, 1904. B. about 945. ALBON, called le Coir, a merk of st Germain-des-Prés, who lived towards the close of the 9th century; and wrote an q le poem in Latin on the size of Paris by the Northren, which he had witnessed. His work, of little merit as a poem, is u-ful to the historian, D. 923, ABBOT, Geo.ge, bet, an Eash prelate, whose father was a waver. After reeving a succession of prefcents, he was appointed one of the divines to trin late the pres it version of the Bible. In 1609 he was made bisa p of ABBAS, son of Abd-al-Motalleb, uncle of Ma- Lichfield and Coventry, whence the sain year homet, was at first an enemy to that impostor, he was translated to London, and in 1610 to but being taken prisoner by him, he changed Canterbury. About the close of his life, he by his sentiments, and became a zealous Mussul-accident shot to death a keeper of the deer of 30. D. 653. In 719, his grandson, AbulAbbas, surnamed Al-Saffah, or the "bloodshedder," was chosen caliph, in whom began the dynasty of the Abasides, who enjoyed that dignity till about 1260. ABBAS L. (Shah) the Great, a-ba sha, 5th shah of Persia, ascended the throne in 1558. He was the first who made Ispahan the capital of Persia. With the assistance of the English, in 1622, he took Ormuz from the Portuguese. D. 1623. ABBAS II. (Shah) great-grandson of the preeeding, began to reign in 1612. He was a tole rant prince, who used to say, that "God alone was lord of men's consciences;" and that "it was his duty to watch over the government of his country, and to administer justice with impartiality to all his subjects of every persuasion." D. 1666, aged 37. ABBAS-MIRZA, Son of Futteh Ali, shah of Persia from 179% to 1831 He gained considerable reputation as a general in the wars carried on by his father against the Russians in 1814, and the Turks in 1923. B. 1753; D. 1833. Lord Zouch, whilst engaged in the exercise of hunting. This calamito is event clouded the remainder of his life. He ever after kept a monthly fast on account of the misfortune, and settled £20 a year on the widow of the keeper. He attended King James on his death-bed, and as-isted at the co.onation of Charles I, whose favour he subsequently lost for refsing to license an objectionable sermon preached by Dr. Sibthorp. B. at Guildford, in Surrey, 1062; D. at Croydon, 1633. ABBOT, Robert, eldest brother of the archbishop, was appointed by King James one of his chaplin in ordinary, and that menarch was so pleased with his book, "De Antichristo," that he ordered it to be reprinted with his own on the Revelations. The zeal which Abbot displayed for the supremacy of kings procured him the see of Salisbury, B. at Guildford, 1560; D. at Salisbury, 1617. ABBOT, Maurice, brother of the above, was bred a merchant, and became a director of the East-India Company. He was the first person ABBASSA, ab-bis-sa,sister of the caliph Haroun-knighted by Charles I., and in 1625 was chosen al-Rashid, by whom she was married to Giafar, his vizier, on a singular condition of wedlock, which failed to be fulfilled. There are extant one of the representatives for the city of London, of which, in 1638, he was lord mayor. D. 1640. The date of his birth is uncertain. Abbot ABBOT, George, son of the above, was engaged in the great civil war on the side of the Parliament. He was author of a paraphrase of the Book of Job. B. 1600; D. 1643. ABBOT, Lemuel, a portrait painter distinguished for the truthfulness of the resemblances he produced, but devoid of any other merit. B. In Leicestershire; D. in 1803, aged 40. Abd-el-Kader ABD-AL-MELEK, abd-al'-me-lek, fifth caliph of the race of the Ommiades. His reign was very successful; and on account of his great avarice, he was named the peeler of stone. The vulgar saying of skinning a flint is supposed to be derived from this circumstance. He reigned twenty-one years, at the close of the 7th and beginning of the 8th centuries. (685-705.) ABDALONYMUS, àb-da-lon'-i-mus, king of ABBOT, Charles. (See COLCHESTER, Lord.) ABBOT, Charles. (See TENTERDEN, Lord.) ABBOT, Robert, an English divine of the 17th century, who published several volumes of sermons, and was vicar of Cranbrook, in Kent, and afterwards incumbent of St. Austin's, Watling-Sidon, who, though only a gardener, was of the street, London. B. about 1585. blood royal, and received the crown under the following circumstances:-When Alexander conquered that country, he allowed Hephaestion to dispose of the crown. Hephæstion offered it to three brothers, who all refused it; but being requested to point out a proper person, they fixed on Abdalonymus. Being brought to Alexander, the conqueror observed the dignity of his aspect, and said to his courtiers, "I wish to know how he bore his poverty." Abdalonymus hearing this, said, "Would to Heaven I may bear my prosperity as well!" This answer so pleased Alexander that he confirmed the appointment. ABBOTT, Jacob, a modern American divine, who has published a series of juvenile works, which enjoy a large sale in the United States, and have been reprinted in England. B. 1803. ABBOTT, John, brother of the above, also an American divine, who has written several historical works of interest and value, the principal of which is an admirable biography of Napoleon Bonaparte, published some years since in London. B. 1806. ABBT, Thomas, abt, a German writer, whose precocity of talent enabled him to produce, at the age of 13, a work deemed of great ability, and entitled "Historia Vitæ Magistra." He subsequently attracted the notice of Prince Schaumberg-Lippe, by whom he was held in high estimation, and liberally patronized. B. at Ulm, in Suabia, 1738; D. at the early age of 28, 1766. ABDALLAH, ǎb-dal-la, father of Mahomet. He was only a camel-driver; but the Mussulmans, having nothing better to boast of concerning him, declare that he was offered the finest women of his tribe when he was fourscore years old, and that on his wedding night a hundred girls died of grief, for having lost the honour of being his bride. B. about 515; p. 570. ABDALLAH-BEN-MOHAMMED, one of the Mahometan kings of Spain, and noted for his magnanimity and forbearance towards his enemies. D. 901. ABDALLAH-BEN-YASSIM, founder of the dynasty of the Almoravides, in the 11th century-a dy nasty which exercised a mighty influence on the destinies of Africa and Spain, and of which, until comparatively recent times, little of the direct history was known. (SeeYUSSEF-BEN-TAXFIN.) Abdallah raised himself from the position of teacher to that of ruler of his people, and the tribe itself, from an obscure position in the Atlas Mountains, became one of the noted conquering races of the middle ages. D. 1058. ABDALLAH-BEN-ALI, ab-dal'-la-ben-ăli, uncle of the first two caliphs of the Abbasides, under whom he served as a general against the caliph Merwan, whom he vanquished, and proclaimed his nephew in his stead. He was guilty of horrible cruelties on the family of the Ommiades, the name of the rival family of caliphs. When his eldest nephew died, his brother AlMansur assumed the government, which so displeased Abdallah, that he raised an army against him, but was defeated. Put to death, 755. ABDALLAH-BEN-ZOBEIR, ab-dal'-la-ben-zoLeer, made caliph by the people of Mecca in 650, who wished to be independent of Yezid, the caliph of Syria. He fell fighting bravely in the defence of Mecca, in his 72nd year. ABDALLATIF, ab-dal-lai'-tif, a distinguished Arabic writer, who produced an admirable history of Egypt. n. at Bagdad, 1162; D. 1231. | ABDALRAHMAN, Ben Abdallah, ab-dil-ra'man, a Saracen general, and governor of Spain, who, after ravaging France with fire and sword, was vanquished and slain at Tours by Charles Martel, in 732. Monkish writers state the carnage in this battle at 370,000, which must be a gross exaggeration. ABDALRAHMAN I., BEN MOAWIYAH, surnamed the Just, one of the family of the Ommiades, who went to Spain in 755, where he commanded the Saracens against their governor, Yusef. Abdalrahman slew that prince, and was then acknowledged caliph. He also assumed the title of king of Cordova. B. at Damascus about 731; D. about 789. ABDALRAHMAN II., surnamed the Victorious, king of Cordova from 822 to 852, who conquered the Christian princes of Aragon, Navarre, and the Asturias. ABDALRAHMAN III., king of Cordova, from 912 to 961. He was defeated by Ramirez II., king of Leon and the Asturias, in a great battle at Simancas (938), in which it is said that 80,000 Moors were slain. ABDAS, ab-dus, a Persian bishop in the time of the younger Theodosius, who brought upon the Christians a violent persecution, and was the first to fall in it. The clergy called in Theodosius, by whom the Persians were worsted; but the persecution raged forty years. ABD-EL-KADER, ab-del-kai'-der, or ka'-der, the third son of a marabout of the Arab tribe of Hashem, who had risen to influence through his rank, coupled with a great sanctity of demeanour. The early days of Abd-el-Kader are lost in obscurity, and by 1828 he had not only acquired the reputation of a scholar, but that of a saint, from his having twice made a pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of the Prophet. In Eng. land, however, he is best known by the persevering courage with which he opposed the aggressions of the French upon his country. Accompanied by his father, he preached a holy war, and called upon the faithful to rise and expel the infidels. In 1832, he found himself at the head of 10,000 warriors, with whom he attacked the town of Oran, but was several times repulsed with great slaughter. Notwithstanding his discomfiture, however, he might be said to be a gainer, for he had not only increased his reputation for skill and bravery, but had Abdelmumem Abdul-Mejid taught his Arabs to face artillery-an act from labours, and is desirous of removing them. He which they had hitherto recoiled. In 1531, he has at all times shown a favourable spirit entered into a treaty with the French, in which towards his Christian subjects, who in 1567 he was recognized as emir of Mascara, with the were for the first time permitted to hold offices sovereignty of Oran, and a monopoly of com- of importance in the Turkish Council of State. merce with the interior was granted to him. This The chief event of his reign has been the treaty added to the importance of the emir in Cretan insurrection of 1-66-8, the Cretans scekthe eyes of the natives, who naturally looked ing separation from Turkey and annexation to upon their chief as a personage of high conse-Greece, but without much prospect of effecting quence, from his having compelled the enemy to their purpose. Abdul-Aziz has remodelled the recognize him as a sovereign. His success, Turkish army after the European system, and however, excited the jealousy and envy of some has done much to reform the wasteful expenof his brothers in arms, who rose against his i diture common under former sultans. In July, authority, but whom he was soon enabled to 1567, he visited Paris to see the Exhibition, subdue. For a period of fifteen years he con- and afterwards spent a short time in London trived to defend his country, and fight against this being the first occasion on which a Turkish the encroachments of France, but in 1817 he was sultan had quitted his own dominions to visit compelled to surrender himself a prisoner to the western nations of Europe. n. 1830. General Lamoricière, on condition of being sent ABDUL-MEJID, ab-dul-med-jid, sultan of to Alexandria or St. Jean-d'Acre. The French Turkey, succeeded his father, Malmoud II., on government, however, refused to ratify the the 1st of July, 1839. Like most of the sons of terms of the treaty, and Abd-el-Kader was con- sultans, he was brought up in the harem, end signed a prisoner to Fort Lamalgue, at Toulon, although his father had desire that he should After suffering imprisonment for four years, in receive an English education, that sovereigni was 1852 Louis Napoleon restored him to freedom, compelled to resign his wishes, and yield to the en condition that he would not return to power of a Mahometan priesthood, who reAlgiers, or conspire against the French. The volted against such an innovation upon the brave but fallen Arab consented, and Brussa, established usages of their country. When he in Asia Minor, was assigned him for his future ascended the throne, Turkey was in a very preresidence. For that place he accordingly set carious condition. The minds of its people were out in 1853, but has since been permitted to unsettled by the reforms of his father, whose remove to Constantinople. In 1955 he visited resolute will was sufficient to keep in check the Paris, to see the Exposition. During the mas- spirit of open rebellion, but whose deraise now sacre of the Maronites by the Druses in the seemed to have opened a road for a return to the Lebanon in 1860, the ex-emir exerted his influ-old system of things. The revolt of Mchemet ence with his co-religionists to stay the effusion Ali was checked, however, by the interference of of blood. In 1863 he made a pilgrimage to the principal European powers, and the ancient Mecca, and in 1967 he again visited Paris, and dynasty was saved. The dangers from assassi stayed a short time in London. B. near Mas-nation which best the first few years of the cara, province of Oran, 1807. ABDELMUMEM, ùb-del-mu-mem, or ABDALNow, though the son of a potter, became a general, and at last a monarch, by the style of Eair al Mumenin (head of the true believers). He took Morocco, and destroyed the whole of the family of the Almoravides. D. 1162. AEDERAHMAN. See ABDALRAHMAN, BEN ABDALLAH. sultan's reign were happily averted, and AbdulMejid gradually rose in popular estimation, until he came to be regarded, not only with respect, but with affection by his people. Revolts in different parts of his dominions were suppressed, and the strong desire he always evinced to improve the condition of his subjects, has been testified to by English statesmen, cminent themselves in the annals of social reform. ABDIAS, üb-de-as, of Babylon, a pretender to However popular the name of the sultan might be one of the seventy-two disciples sent out by be in his own country, it was not until the Jesus Christ, and to have been appointed by breaking out of the war with Russia that he Simon and Jude the first bishop of Babylon.- came to be more especially regarded in this He is the author of a legend entitled "Historia country with a feeling of deep interest. It had Certaminis Apostolici," printed at Basle, 1571. long been considered a design of the emperors of ABDUL-AZIZ, b-dul-az-ez, sultan of Turkey, Russia to appropriate as much of Turkey as nececded his brother Abdul-Medjid, 1561, in possible on the north side of the Bosphorus, and virtue of the law of Turkey, by which the eldest the time seemed to have arrived when an atmale of the family succeeds in preference to the tempt should be made to effect the long-coveted children of the last occupant of the throne. He object. Accordingly, in 1553, the emperor was born in 1930, and was thus 31 years of age Nicholas availed himself of a slight dispute at his accession. He appears to be a man of which had arisen about the guardianship of the greater energy and force of character than his "Holy Places" to advance his claim to the probrother, although he had been, as usual in the tectorship of the Greek Christians in Turkey. East, immured in the royal palaces from his in- This was refused by the sultan, and the Russian fancy, and debarred from all intercourse with war was the result. The firmness with which the world and all share in conducting public the sultan preserved his position throughout affairs, taking no part whatever in the govern- this trying period procured for him universal ment of the country. Some of the first acts of sympathy, and the consequence was, that France his reign, however-such as the reduction of and England united with Turkey in repelling expenditure on the harem, and the dismissal of the pretensions of Russia. The war was proRiza Pasha and other officials accused of whole-scented with vigour until 1855, when the allies sale peculation, and the appointment to power of men who have some character for honesty and intelligence-certainly indicate that he is alive to the evils under which his empire were joined by a contingent from Sardinia. In the same year Sebastopol fell, and peace was concluded shortly afterwards. Abdul-Majid, although apparently of a weak and compliant |