Jaucourt career as a poet, he always continued to practise. He wrote and published several collections of songs and poems, all of them written in the patois, or rural dialect, spoken on the banks of the Garonne. Soon after the pub lication of his collection of poems, "Les Papillotes,"-"the Curlpapers" he was elected member of the Academies of Agen and Bordeaux. Two of the most celebrated critics in France, Charles Nodier and Sainte-Beuve, have written critical comments upon Jasmin's productions, which they state to be full of feeling and joyous grace. The poet usually recited his poems in his native town, and, having a fine voice and manner, the delivery of these lyrics, varying in dialect but little from those of the old troubadours of the 11th and 12th centuries, is said to have produced a very great effect upon his hearers. Jasmin received many presents; Louis Philippe and the duke and duchess of Orleans bestowed upon him handsome gratuities; Toulouse gave him a golden laurel-wreath; Pau marked its sense of his worth by sending him a service of china. When he began to write poetry, all his family, he says, laughed at him; but, afterwards, his wife, selecting the best pen and paper for his use, would observe, "Every verse you write, Jacques, puts a fresh tile on the roof." B. at Agen, 1793; D. 1864. JAUCOURT, the chevalier Louis de, zho'-koor," member of the Royal Society of London, and of the Academies of Berlin and Stockholm, furnished the French Encyclopædia with articles on medicine and natural philosophy. He also compiled a "Universal Dictionary of Medicine," in 6 vols., but the MS. was lost on board a ship, which foundered on her passage to Amsterdam. B. at Paris, 1704; D. at Compiègne, 1779. Jeacocke peace with Great Britain. The definitive treaty having been signed in September, 1783, he re turned to the United States; and in 174 was sent as envoy extraordinary to Great Britain, and concluded the treaty which has been called after his name. In 1795 he was elected go vernor of New York State; this post he continued to occupy till 1801, when he declined a re-election as well as a re-appointment to the office of chief-justice of the United States, and passed the remainder of his life in retirement. B. at New York, 1745; D. 1829. JAY, William, son of the preceding, a cele brated American slavery abolitionist, was designed for the profession of the law, but an affection of the eyes forced him to relinquish its study; whereupon he retired to his father's country seat at Bedford, Massachusetts. From the year 15.9 he was one of the most active advocates of the abolition of slavery in the United States, and wrote several works in aid of the same cause. These were collected and published at Boston in a complete form, with the title, "Miscellaneous Writings on Slavery," in 1854. He was one of the founders of the Ame rican Biblical Society, and served as president of the Peace Society. In 1832 he edited his father's correspondence, and wrote a biography of him, publishing the work under the title of The Life and Correspondence of John Jay." B. 1779; D. 1853. JAY, Rev. William, an eminent Independent preacher, was the son of a stonecutter, at which trade he himself worked during his early years; but, while still young, was placed in the Marlborough Academy, with a view of being educated for the ministry. At sixteen years d age he commenced preaching, and, before he hal JAULT, Auguste François, cholte, a French reached his twentieth year, was appointed miphysician, and professor of Syriac in the Royal nister of Argyle Chapel, Bath, where, for sixty College of Paris, who translated into French, two years, he officiated. On completing the among other works, "Sharp's Surgery." "Ock-fiftieth year of his ministerial labours, in 151, ley's History of the Saracens," and "Floyer on Asthma." B. 1707; D. 1757. JAUREGUY Y AGUILAR, cha'-co-rai-goi e a-goo'e-lar, a Spanish poet and painter, who resided for a long time at Rome, forming himself upon the best Italian models in both poetry and painting. On his return to his native land, he published some excellent translations of Tasso, and from the Latin. His pictures were distinguished for their beantiful colour, for their fine gradations of light and shade, and for the beautiful flesh-tints in them. B. near Toledo, 1566; D. at Madrid, 1641. JAY, Gui Michel Le, zhai, an advocate of the parliament of Paris, who printed a polyglot Bible at his own expense, and thereby impoverished himself. Subsequently entering into holy orders, he was made dean of Vezeli. His polyglot Bible is clegantly printed in 10 vols., and has the Syriac and Arabic versions, which are not in that of Ximenes. D. 1675. JAY, John, jai, an American jurist and statesman, who, after studying at Columbia (then King's) College, was admitted to the bar, and in 1774 was elected a delegate to the first American congress, at Philadelphia. In 1776 he was chosen president of the congress; in 1777 he was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of New York; and in the following year was appointed chicf justice of that state. He was next sent as minister plenipotentiary to Spain; and in 1782 was appointed one of the commissioners to negotiate a he was presented with a service of plate, and a purse containing £650, at a public meeting in Bath. His volumes of sermons met with consid.r able success, and passed through several editions. He wrote also an Essay on Marriage, “Lecturis on Female Scripture Characters," and an Aute biography, which was published in 1854. All his works have been issued in a complete form, in twelve volumes, Svo. B. at Tisbury, Wilts, 1769; D. 1853. JAYADEVA, jai-a-de-ra, a Hindoo poet, of whose life or pursuits nothing certain is know Only one of his poems is extant, this being the "Gita Govinda;" or, Poem in Honour of Go vinda," one of the names of the Hindoo god Krishna. It is an amatory and voluptuous lyric, and Sir William Jones, Colebrooke, and other commentators, assert that it is only to be interpreted in an allegorical sense. Sir Williama Jones published a translation of the "Gita 60vinda," in the 3rd vol. of the "Asiatic Re searches." JEACOCK, Caleb, je'-kok, a baker in Highstreet, St. Giles's, London, who for many years distinguished himself as president of a dis puting society held at the "Robin Hood tavern," near Temple-bar. He had considerable pos as a speaker and is said to have often op posed with success the celebrated Burke, and other persous, who afterwards distinguished themselves at the bar and in the senate. Mr. Jeacocke published, in 1765, a pamphlet titled, "A Vindication of the Moral Character of the Apostle Paul from the Charge of Insin-vices, no less than for his philanthropic etorts, cerity and Hypocrisy brought against it by Lord he was created a baronet. B. at Bombay, 1753; Bolingbroke, Dr. Middleton, and others." He D. same place, 1859. became a director of the Hand-in-Hand fire- JEFFERIES, OF JEFFREYS, George, Lord, jef ̃”. office, and was enabled to retire from his busi-fres, an English judge, noterious for his crucity ness on a small fortune. D. 1786. JEANNIN, Peter, zhan'-na, a French statesman, who was educated for the law, and became president of the parliament of Paris, Henry IV. made him member of his council, and kept him at court, where no great enterprize was undertaken without consulting him. His memoirs were published in 1659. B. at Autun, 1540; D. 1622. and injustice, was educated at Westminster school, after which he removed to the luner Temple, where he studied the law with great application. By attaching himself to the duke of York, he obtained the appointment of Welsh judge, the honour of knighthood, and the chict-justiceship of Chester. In 1653 he wis appointed chief-justice of the King's Inc', and, in 1655, lord chancellor. His cruelties on JEBB, Sanuel, jeb, an English physician, was the western circuit towards the deluded foleducated at Cambridge, and subsequently set- lowers of the duke of Monmouth were excestled as physician at Stratford, in Essex, where sive; yet they gave great satisfaction to James he resided till a short time before his death. II., who, with heartless mirth, called this He edited an edition of Rozer Bacon's works," Jefferies's campaign." He supported all the and of several other learned authors. B. at arbitrary acts of the court, and rendered himNottingham, 16090; D. 1772. self so obnoxious to the people, that, which James abdicated the throne, he attempted to leave the kingdom in the disguise of a sailor, but was recognised while drinking in a cellar in Wapping. Percciving himself discovered, he feigned a cough, and turned to the wall with his pot of beer in his hand; but information of his presence being communicated to the mob, they rushed in, and carried him before the lord mayor, who sent him to the lords of council, by whom he was committed to the Tower, where he remained for the rest of his life. Acton, Denbighshire, about 1610; D. in the Tower, 16-9. JEBE, John, a divine and physician, the son of Dr. John Jebb, dean of Cashel, studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and Peter-house, Cambridge; obtained church preferment, which, however, he resigned, and then commenced practice as a physician, in which he was very successful. He was a violent partisan in whatever he engaged; and, though conscientious in his religious opinions, their peculiar complexion, and the freedom with which he indulged in the political squabbles of the day, obstructed his professional progress, and greatly impaired his usefulness. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, a contributor to the "Philosophical Transactions;" and his works, theological, political, and medical, form three vols. B. in London, 1736; D. 1786. D. at and remained at that post during five years. shortly after his return to America, in 1789, he became secretary of state under the presidency of General Washington. He had lived some time in retirement previous to the year 1796, when he was elected vice-president of the United States. In 1801 he became president, and, after being elected a second time, retir d, in 1809, to his estate near Monticello, in Virginia, Mr. Jellerson was author of a book called "Notes on Virginia." B. at Shadwell, Virginia, 1743: D. in Virginia, 1826. JEFFERSON, Thomas, jef-er-son, third president of the United States, after receiving his education at the college of William and Mary, at Williamsburg, which, at the end of the Sth JEEJEEBHOY, Sir Jamsetjee, Bart., je-jeeb-century, was the capital of Virginia, he studied hoi, an eminent Parsce merchant of Bombay, the law under Mr. Wythe, a celebrated barrister was born of humble parcnts, and had to make of that day, and, at the age of twenty-four, his own way in the world; but by the time he was began to practise at the General Court in 1767. sixteen he was fully prepared to do so. That In the stirring events that preceded the Ame way was at first rough and hard; yet, und s-rican revolution, he took a foremost ani distin couraged, he went right ou. The early life of guished part, though he was never engaged in the wealthy an i honoured baronet was strongly any military operations. He was governor of in contrast with the calm which enveloped lus Virginia between 1779-81; three years afterlater years. He made five mercantile voyages towards, he was appointed minis er to France, China: in one of these, the ship in which he sailed formed one of the fleet which, under the command of Sir Nathaniel Dance, beat off a French squadron under Admiral Linois. In another voyage, the vessel on board which were himself and his fortune, was captured by the French, and he was carried to the Cape of Good Hope, whence, with the loss of all his property, and after enduring many privations, he found his way in a Danish vessel to Calcutta. Fortune smiled on him afterwards, however; and as his wealth increased, the tendency to share it with the needy, or to spend it for the benefit of the public, began to develope itself. In 1522 he released all the poor debtors confined by the Court of Requests from the Bombay gaol, by the simple process of paying their debts. From that time to the day of his death, the stream of his beneficence scarcely slacked in its flow. He dispensed in philanthropic services the vast sum of £300,000; his charity not being limited by the bounds of the community to which the munificent donor belonged. Parsee and Christian, Hindoo and Mussulman,-indeed, people of all classes and creeds, alike shared in his beneficence, the largest outlay being for the poor and for the public. For his great public ser JEFFERY, John, jeffre, an English divine, educated at Catharine Hall, Cambridge. Archi bishop Tillotson appointed him archdeacon of Norwich, in 1891. He published a volume of sermons, and was the editor of "Christian Morals," a posthumous work, by Sir Thomas Browne, and the sermons of Dr. Whichcote, D. at Ipswich, 1647; D. 1720. JEFFERYS, George, jeffres, a dramatic and miscellaneous writer, who was educated at Westminster school and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. Ho afterwards studied the law, and was called to the bar, but never practised. His "Miscellanies" in prose and verse contain, among other picces, Jenkinson he was sent to Jesus College, Oxford, where he continued till the death of King Charles I. He afterwards became tuter to a young gentleman, with whom he travelled through France, Holland, and Germany. At the Restoration he returned to his college, of which he was chosen fellow, and in 1662 elected principal. In 1665 he was appointed judge of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, and in 1670 received the honour of knighthood. He had a principal share in negotiating the peace of Nimeguen, and, on his return to England, was chosen one of the representatives of the university of Oxford in Parliament, where he opposed the bill for the exclusion of the duke of York from the succession to the crown. He was soon after made secretary of state and a privy councillor. He bequeathed to charitable uses all his property. His letters and papers were printed in 1724. B. in Glamorganshire, 1623; D. 1695. JENKINSON. Anthony, jen'-kin-son, an English traveller in the 16th century, who, between the years 1516-70, travelled in Russia, and was one of the first Englishmen who penetrated into the interior of Asia, where he lived for some time with the Uzbeck Tartars. On his return, he was sent to represent Elizabeth, queen of England, at the court of the czar of Russia. His travels are included in Purchas's collection; but the truth of many of his statements has been questioned. D. 1591. JENKINSON, Charles. (See LIVERPOOL, Earl of). Jenner of Berkeley. In 1792, desiring to practise as physician, he obtained a degree of M.D. from the university of St. Andrew's. Many years before, while he was a surgeon's apprentice at Sudbury, Jenner was one day much struck at being told by a milkmaid that she could not take the small-pox. He made inquiries, and discovered that this was a common belief in the district. When he went to London, he mentioned the circumstance to Hunter and many other dis tinguished medical men, but they all regarded it as a popular error. Jenner, however, never forgot the subject, and when he set up as surgeon in Berkeley, made several experiments, which proved that in some instances it was im possible to give small-pox to persons who had had cow-pox: while in others, although certain individuals had had cow-pox, they, nevertheless, took small-pox. The result of long study and careful experimentation, was that Jenner found that, while the udder of the cow was subject to several erup ions, there was but one true cow pox, which, further, could only be taken by the milkers at a particular period of its course. About the year 1750 he conceived the idea of propagating the cow-pox, from the cow, in the first instance, and then from one person to another, and, consequently, secure to every in dividual so treated immunity from small-pcs. For sixteen years he followed up this grand conception, and endeavoured to enlist the sympathy and aid of the eminent practitioners of the healing art in its favour; but they only replied by ridiculing the idea as an absurdity, Jenner persevered, however, and, in 1796, had the good fortune to make an experiment which could not be gainsaid: he vaccinated a boy, eight years old, with the matter taken from a milkmaid's hand. The child recovered from the infection in a satisfactory manner, and was immediately afterwards inoculated for smallpox, without the slightest effect. Many similar experiments were subsequently made, all ending success fully; and, in 1798, Jenner put forth his first work on the discovery, "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variola Vaccins (Cow-pox)." Although the author successfully demonstrated the soundness of his views, they met with great opposition from medical men at the outset. In about a year, however, some seventy leading physicians and surgeons signed a declaration stating their entire concurrence with him. An attempt was now made to rob Jenner of the merit of his discovery; but it proved signally abortive, and henceforth fame and fortune were within reach of the retired country surgeon; but Jenner refused every offer; and as a desire to benefit his fellowcreatures, and not an ambition of worldly honours, had been his endeavour, he would not quit his native village, where he practised as physician. "Shall 1," he wrote to a friend, JENNER, Edward, M. D., jen'-ner, a celebrated "who, even in the morning of my life, sought English physician, who ranks among the great the lowly and sequestered path of life-the benefactors of the human race, as the discoverer valley, and not the mountain-shall I, now my and propagator of vaccination. He was the son evening is fast approaching, hold myself up as of a vicar in Gloucestershire, and after receiving an object for fortune and for fame? My fortune, his tehool education in Cirencester, was ap-with what flows from my profession, is amply prenticed to a surgeon at Sudbury. At the sufficient to gratify my wishes." The grand expiration of his apprenticeship, he went to discovery rapidly spread over England, Fran London, and became a student of medicine at and the other continental nations, and threaghSt. George's Hospital, living for two years as out the world. The House of Commons, by pupil with the celebrated John Hunter. In way of recompensing the long and disinterested 1773, he returned to Gloucestershire, and estab- labours of Jenner, voted him, in 1802, £100, lished himself as a surgeon in the village and £20,000 in 1807. He wrote several works JENKYNS, David, jen'-kins, an English judge, who commenced his university education by being admitted a commoner of Edmund Hall, Oxford, in 1597. After taking his bachelor's degree, he removed to Gray's inn, and became eminent as a barrister. Charles I. appointed him a Welsh judge. In 16-15 he was taken prisoner at Hereford for his activity in the royal cause, and sent to the Tower. Being brought to the bar of the House of Commons, he denied their authority, and refused to kneel; for which he was fined £1000, and remantled to prison. In 1650 an act was passed for his trial; but Harry Martin, it is said, prevented the measure by a droll speech. Jenkyns, who cape ted to be hanged, declared that he would die with the Bible under one arm and Magna Charta under the other. In 1656 he obtained his liberty. B. at Hensol, Glamorganshire, 1596; D. at Cowbridge, 1667. JENNENS, Charles, jen'-nens, an English gentleman, who, being very rich and fond of display, was called by his friends "Soliman the Magnificent." He affected to be thought learned, and wrote the words of some of Handel's oratorios, particularly the “Messiah," and published part of an intended edition of Shakspeare. D. at Gopsal, Leicestershire, 1773. |